What is Quercetin dihydrate

Quercetin which is also known as quercetin, it is soluble in glacial acetic acid, alkaline solution is yellow, almost insoluble in water, ethanol taste bitter. Quercetin can be used as drugs, has a good expectorant, cough, and have some asthma. There are also some functions about lower blood pressure, increased capillary resistance, reducing capillary fragility, blood fat, expansion of coronary artery, increase coronary blood flow and so on. Quercetin also has a good function for the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Coronary heart disease and hypertension patients also had adjuvant therapy.

Quercetin dehydrate(CAS NO: 6151-25-3) is yellow needles (Ethanol), at 95-97 ° C as anhydrous substance, melting point 314 ° C (decomposition). Quercetin dehydrate can be dissolved in cold ethanol (1:290), soluble in hot ethanol (1:23), soluble in methanol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, pyridine, acetone, insoluble in water, benzene, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, etc., an alkaline aqueous solution is yellow, almost insoluble in water, ethanol taste bitter.

Quercetin dihydrate is usually extracted in Iberian oak Fagaceae skin and leaves, Berberidaceae plant red octagonal lotus, red Hypericum plants Eclipta (Hunan forsythia), oleander plants kenaf.

Quercetin dihydrate has good functions on expectorant, cough, and have some asthma.

Usage 1: Used as antioxidants. Quercetin dihydrate mainly used for oil, drinks, cold drinks, meat processing products.

Usage 2: Used as a natural dye. Quercetin dehydrate used as a medium dye. For wool and cotton, with a yellow aluminum, chromium salts obtained with olive yellow, orange with tin salts obtained with iron was olive green. Good soaping resistant, light medium.

There are several ways to prepare Quercetin dihydrate, here I will briefly show you five kinds of commonly used methods.

1. Recovered from different bioflavonoids quercetin

2. Quercetin and quercetin derivatives different preparation methods

3. Quercetin derivatives and their pharmaceutical use

4. The enzymatic hydrolysis of rutin and quercetin quercetin different preparation methods

5. A quercetin-7-O-rhamnoside Extraction

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What is 2-Butyl-5-chloro-1H-imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde?

Basic Information

Product Name: 2-Butyl-5-chloro-1H-imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde

English Synonyms: 2-Butyl-4-chloro-5-formylimidazole

CAS No.: 83857 -96-9

Formula: C8H11ClN2O

Molecular Weight: 186.64

Purity: ≥ 99.0%

MDL number: MFCD01934396

EC No.: 410 -260-0

Characters Description

2-Butyl-5-chloro-1H-imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde is pale yellow to white crystalline powder, easily absorbing moisture.

Physical parameters

Melting point :96.0-99 .0 ℃

Quality Specifications

Purity: ≥ 99.0% (HPLC)

Loss on drying: ≤ 0.5%

Instructions for use

2-Butyl-5-chloro-1H-imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde is a kind of Antihypertensive drug losartan intermediates.

Transportation and storage

Cool, dry and ventilated place sealed.

Hazard statement

Dangerous code: Xi, N

Hazard Class: 43-51/53

Security Level: 24 -37-61

UN number: UN3077

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What is 2,4-Dichloropyridine used for?

2,4-Dichloropyridine is a very useful intermediates, mainly used in pharmaceutical and pesticide synthesis. Some of these products have been used for household chemicals and crops, individual product market prospects.

Synthesis of 2,4-Dichloropyridine(CAS NO: 26452-80-2) began in 1891. In more than one century, a number of new synthetic methods have developed. From the raw materials used can be grouped into three categories: (1) pyridine derivatives chloride; (2) the direct chlorination of pyridine; (3) Other.

Ours is a large population and a large agricultural country, a vast potential market for pharmaceuticals and pesticides, concerns the progress in these two areas has important practical significance. This article will briefly describe 2,4-Dichloropyridine in medicine and agriculture purposes

1.   2,4-Dichloropyridine used in synthetic drugs

The chlorine atomic in 2,4-Dichloropyridine can be substituted by a nucleophile, such as a phenyl acetonitrile, and 2 - chloropyridine-pyridyl of a strong base (Pyridylation), then alkylation, hydrolysis and decarboxylation, to produce anti-histamines - non-Nepalese December Ming. Antiarrhythmic drug - disopyramide can also be produced similarly.

2,4-Dichloropyridine oxidized to give 2 - chloro-pyridine nitrogen oxides, which, after reaction with sodium hydrosulfide was pyrithione. Zinc pyrithione as fungicides, mainly used in shampoos. 2 - chloro-pyridine is synthesized mold pyrithione net (2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium), preservatives, and other intermediates.

2.   2,4-Dichloropyridine used for synthetic pesticides

The nitrogen oxides of 2,4-Dichloropyridine through nitrification to give 2 - chloro-4 - nitro pyridine, after reduction to give 2 - chloro-4 - aminopyridine, which is preparing Forchlorfenuron essential intermediate body.

Forchlorfenuron is a new class of high activity, low toxicity, broad-spectrum plant growth regulator, with cell division activity, its mechanism and purine cytokinins (kinetin, zeatin) the same, but more active than they are high 10 ~ 100 times. Practice has proved that Forchlorfenuron for many species of plants have very far-reaching effects, flowery front with time, can induce parthenocarpy into seedless fruit, increase crop fruit set; flowering or after flowering, when used to increase the fruit, thus significantly increased crop yield and fruit quality, has been used in food crops, melons, fruits, vegetables, some crops and ornamental plants.

2,4-Dichloropyridine further chlorination can be obtained in a high yield of 2,6 - dichloro-pyridine and various polychlorinated pyridine substituted. 2,6 - dichloro-pyridine used to take antibiotics (enoxalin); nitrogen stabilizer tetrachloro grass and (Nitrapyrin); 2,3,5,6 - tetrachloropyridine itself with herbicidal properties, it is made insecticide chlorpyrifos and chlorine grass and herbicide b (triclopyr) intermediates; 2,3,5 - trichloro-pyridine is pesticide intermediates.

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Chemical properties of Polyphosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (also known as Polyphosphoric acid or Phosphoric acid) is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H3PO4. Polyphosphoric acid molecules can combine with themselves to form a variety of compounds which are also referred to as phosphoric acids, but in a more general way. The term phosphoric acid can also refer to a chemical or reagent consisting of phosphoric acids, such as pyrophosphoric acid or triphosphoric acid, but usually Polyphosphoric acid.

The conjugate base of phosphoric acid is the dihydrogen phosphate ion, which in turn has a conjugate base of hydrogen phosphate, which has a conjugate base of phosphate. The CAS NO of Polyphosphoric acid is 8017-16-1.

In addition to being a chemical reagent, phosphoric acid has a wide variety of uses, including as a rust inhibitor, food additive, dental and orthop(a)edic etchant, electrolyte, flux, dispersing agent, industrial etchant, fertilizer feedstock, and component of home cleaning products.

Pure anhydrous phosphoric acid is a white solid that melts at 42.35 °C to form a colorless, viscous liquid.

Most people and even chemists refer to Polyphosphoric acid as phosphoric acid, which is the IUPAC name for this compound. The prefix ortho is used to distinguish the acid from other phosphoric acids, called polyphosphoric acids. Polyphosphoric acid is a non-toxic, inorganic, rather weak triprotic acid, which, when pure, is a solid at room temperature and pressure.

Polyphosphoric acid is a very polar molecule; therefore it is highly soluble in water. The oxidation state of phosphorus (P) in ortho- and other phosphoric acids is +5; the oxidation state of all the oxygen atoms (O) is −2 and all the hydrogen atoms (H) is +1. Triprotic means that an Polyphosphoric acid molecule can dissociate up to three times, giving up an H+ each time, which typically combines with a water molecule, H2O.

Because the triprotic dissociation of Polyphosphoric acid, the fact that its conjugate bases (the phosphates mentioned above) cover a wide pH range, and, because phosphoric acid/phosphate solutions are, in general, non-toxic, mixtures of these types of phosphates are often used as buffering agents or to make buffer solutions, where the desired pH depends on the proportions of the phosphates in the mixtures. Similarly, the non-toxic, anion salts of triprotic organic citric acid are also often used to make buffers. Phosphates are found pervasively in biology, especially in the compounds derived from phosphorylated sugars, such as DNA, RNA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There is a separate article on phosphate as an anion or its salts.

Upon heating Polyphosphoric acid, condensation of the phosphoric units can be induced by driving off the water formed from condensation. When one molecule of water has been removed for each two molecules of phosphoric acid, the result is pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7). When an average of one molecule of water per phosphoric unit has been driven off, the resulting substance is a glassy solid having an empirical formula of HPO3 and is called metaphosphoric acid.[2] Metaphosphoric acid is a singly anhydrous version of orthophosphoic acid and is sometimes used as a water- or moisture-absorbing reagent. Further dehydrating is very difficult, and can be accomplished only by means of an extremely strong desiccant (and not by heating alone). It produces phosphoric anhydride (phosphorus pentoxide), which has an empirical formula P2O5, although an actual molecule has a chemical formula of P4O10. Phosphoric anhydride is a solid, which is very strongly moisture-absorbing and is used as a desiccant.

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Carbamazepine-d10 place away from children

Carbamazepine-d10 is a kind of drug which is treatment for epilepsy. If healthy people eating Carbamazepine-d10, serious side effects will produce. In August 3, Gongzhuling, a 7-year-old girl was angry with her companies, even eat Carbamazepine-d10. It made her seizures up to 36 hours.

In the First Hospital of Jilin University, the reporter saw the 7-year-old girl Liu Yan 's mother Liu Lihong, she said, the 3rd 6 pm, in the kitchen cooking, she suddenly heard her husband cried himself a drug used to treat brain cancer Carbamazepine-d10 has been gone.

Liu Lihong’s husband is a brain cancer patient and therefore suffers from epilepsy. Carbamazepine-d10 (CAS NO: 298-46-4) is his long-term use to treat epilepsy. It is usually placed in their own fingertips. Usually little Liu Yan need to take medicine when sick, she need her mother’s cajole, or she didn’t take the medicine. We had never expected that she was just because of angry with her small partners, took the Carbamazepine-d10 down to eat, but also a lot of volume.

Soon, the children appeared coma, convulsions symptoms. As the child has been in a coma in the 4th, Liu Lihong turned the small Liu Yan to the First Hospital of Jilin University. Fortunately, the 5th 5 pm, in a coma for 36 hours of Liu Yan sober her.

Liu Lihong, said Liu Yan is very sensible, often helped her mother to do farm work, and now what she was most worried about is the child will be consequences, but they are really poor family had no money and then assume the child's medical expenses. I hope someone can help this child, but also to remind the majority of parents and friends, usually sure to put medicines out of reach of children to avoid endangering children's health.

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Making L-Phenylalanine by Benzaldehyde

In this article, I will show you 7 methods to make L-Phenylalanine by Benzaldehyde.

1. Benzaldehyde and acetyl glycine reacts acetamido cinnamic acid, and catalytic hydrogenation, in acetyl-DL-phenylalanine, and finally by aminoacylase hydrolysis can be split to generate L-Phenylalanine(CAS NO: 63-91-2).

2. Using the specificity of aminoacylase, only Ac-L-phe hydrolysis of an amide bond, and not hydrolyze Ac-D-phe amide, generate L-Phenylalanine. Then separate L-Phenylalanine and the Ac-D-phe according the different solubility in water. The separation of the Ac-D-phe racemization can be generated by Ac-DL-phe. Repeating the process of hydrolysis and separation again and again, the Ac-DL-phe can be all converted L-Phenylalanine.

3. Immobilized aminoacylase preparation: DEAE-sephadexa-50 full immersion into deionized water, then washed with 10 times the amount of the solution to mix 0.5mol/LHCl and 0.5mol/LNaOH treatment 30min. Then washed with deionized water to neutral, and finally were with 0.1mol / L and 0.01mol / L of pH = 7.0 phosphate buffer processing 1-2h, drained and set aside. 40-50h of culture learn koji expansion curved, with its support 6 times the amount of water 2 times ions The extract was washed with 2mol / L of NaOH solution to adjust pH to 6.7-7.0. Then the enzyme solution and 1kg 100L wet DEAE-sephadex A-50 mixed in the ratio was stirred at 0-4 ℃ 4-5h after adsorption, filter it DEAE-sephadexA-50, respectively 0.1mol/LNaAc deionized water solution, 0.01mol / L of pH = 7.0 phosphate buffer, washed 3-4 times. Filtration immobilized L-Phenylalanine, plus 1% toluene into cold storage storage backup.

4. Enzymatic hydrolysis: the hydrolysis tank 1000L, adding 700L0.1mol / L of Ac-DL-phe salt solution, and then gradually add 6mol / L of HCl solution was adjusted to pH 6.7-7.0, then add 15-20kg immobilized amino acid enzyme, maintained for about 4h 50 ℃ selective enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, the filtrate was collected by filtration to give the enzyme hydrolyzate of L-Phenylalanine (containing Ac-D-phe mixture).

5. Separation: the enzyme hydrolyzate with 6mol / L of HCl to pH 4.8-5.1, concentrated under reduced pressure to about 35L, and placed overnight at 0 ℃ crystallization, crystals were collected by filtration, washed with cold ethanol 10L, drying at 80 ℃ dry 3-4h, the goods of the crude, and the filtrate and washings were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to about 20L to give L-Phenylalanine solution, to be repeated after racemization enzymatic hydrolysis, separation.

6. L-Phenylalanine racemization: the L-Phenylalanine was 60L, 100L added to the reaction tank, add acetic anhydride 18.5L, at 25-45 ℃, stirred for 30min, cool place 6h. Then concentrated HCl to adjust pH to 1.5-2.0,5 ℃ crystallization overnight, crystals were collected by filtration, washed, drained 40 ℃ vacuum drying, L-Phenylalanine.

7. Refining: the 100L reactor, adding 5kg of the crude L-Phenylalanine, add 50L of deionized water, heated to 100 ℃, stirring to fully dissolve, then add the pharmaceutical active carbon 0.25kg, stirred for half an hour after bleaching, hot filtration, 200L crystallization filtrate into the tank, cooled to 40 ℃, adding 50L, 40 ℃ 95% ethanol, with 6mol / L of HCl to adjust the pH to 5.48, at 0 ℃ crystallization overnight, crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 95% ethanol, pumping dry, 80 ℃ drying 3-4h, was the product of the finished L-Phenylalanine. Mother liquor can recycle.

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Something you should minder about 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine

4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine is the only xanthine oxidase inhibitor. It prevents metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, uric acid reduction, the blood and urine levels of uric acid is reduced to below the level of solubility, to prevent the formation of uric acid and the crystals deposited in the joints and other tissues, but also help organize gout uric acid crystals within the re-dissolve.

4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (CAS NO: 315-30-0) is also by hypoxanthine - guanine phosphoribosyl-converting enzyme inhibition of nucleic new purine synthesis in vivo. Clinical will use it for primary and secondary hyperuricemia (especially caused by excessive production of uric acid hyperuricemia), recurrent or chronic gout, tophi, uric acid kidney stones, and (or) uric acid nephropathy, renal insufficiency hyperuricemia. But 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine has a higher incidence of adverse reactions, and some more serious reactions, such as hair loss, liver toxicity, interstitial nephritis. There have been several cases of foreign patients taking this occurred during the sudden death of unknown cause were reported. To do drug safety, the use of 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine should be aware of the following issues.

1. Severe liver dysfunction and significantly lower blood cells, pregnant women and lactating women disabled.

2. 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine must be performed by a small dose and gradually increasing to an effective amount to maintain normal serum uric acid and uric acid levels, then gradually reducing, with the minimum effective dose to maintain a long time. Adult initial dose once 50mg, day 1 or 2 times a week can increase 50 ~ 100mg, to day 200 ~ 300mg, 2 to 3 times service. Biweekly measurement of blood and urine levels of uric acid, such as reached normal levels, then no incremental, such as still too high can be incremented, but the day the maximum amount shall not exceed 600mg.

3. Children's treatment of secondary hyperuricemia usual dose: 6 years of age each 50mg, day 1 to 3 times; 6 to 10 years old, a 100mg, day 1 to 3 times the dose may be adjusted as appropriate. Kidney, liver dysfunction medication and the elderly should be cautious, and should reduce the daily dose.

4. Medication should drink more water, and to facilitate the neutral or alkaline urine excretion of uric acid.

5. 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidineis a higher incidence of rash with ampicillin with the use of increased incidence of rash, especially in patients with hyperuricemia. In use, the emergence of widespread and persistent skin rash, after symptomatic treatment ineffective and there is increasing trend, must be discontinued; leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia or bone marrow suppression, should consider stopping.

6. 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine can not control acute gouty arthritis symptoms of inflammation, not as anti-inflammatory drugs used because the product when prompted re-dissolve uric acid crystals can be re-induce and aggravate arthritis acute symptoms. It must be gouty arthritis symptoms disappeared after acute inflammation (usually about two weeks after the onset) party began to apply.

7. Furthermore, it should pay attention to, drinking, chlorthalidone, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, metolazone, pyrazinamide or thiazide diuretics may increase serum uric acid. For hypertension or in patients with poor kidney function, the goods and with the use of thiazide diuretics, there is renal failure and the emergence of allergies may be. Taking medication during drug uric acid, may increase the possibility of the formation of kidney stones. The goods and anticoagulant drugs, azathioprine or mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide with the use of the latter's effects and adverse reactions enhanced dose should be taken to reconcile toxicity.

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What you know about Acetylsalicylic acid

Aspirin, is referred to acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid is the world's most widely used drugs. Acetylsalicylic acid is a white, crystalline composition, Pickle. It is usually mixed with other drugs. Acetylsalicylic acid can relieve mild to moderate pain: headache, backache, toothaches, and muscle pain. It can relieve arthritis and rheumatic fever burning in the swelling; it can bring down a fever. Daily in small doses, it can reduce the incidence of heart disease and other small stroke risk factor.

Acetylsalicylic acid(CAS NO: 50-78-2 ) can interfere with the generation of prostaglandins, prostaglandins are hormonal substances, can produce heat, intensified redness, increased sensitivity to pain nerves. Acetylsalicylic acid can prevent blood clots; blood clots are made of prostaglandins. This explains why Acetylsalicylic acid can help relieve pain in patients with heart disease, patients suffering from internal bleeding problems but can not take Acetylsalicylic acid.

For many people Acetylsalicylic acid has side effects: heartburn, indigestion, nausea and vomiting. Acetylsalicylic acid can irritate the stomach membrane, can cause internal bleeding. Allergic reactions include abdominal pain, itching, swelling of the face and throat. Long-term use can cause iron deficiency, stomach ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Acetylsalicylic acid should be placed on the reach of children, according to the doctor's orders for them to take. Acetylsalicylic acid can not give the age of 18 infected with the virus, such as influenza and varicella (chickenpox), the kids take. Children suffering from these diseases if taking Acetylsalicylic acid can cause severe Reye syndrome.

Acetylsalicylic acid in tablets, capsules, chewable tablets and suppositories form for sale. The efficacy of Acetylsalicylic acid by time release capsule can slowly release the drug within a few hours, which Acetylsalicylic acid is generally used to treat arthritis. Result of taking Acetylsalicylic acid and abdominal pain that people can use two special Acetylsalicylic acid, called buffered Acetylsalicylic acid (buffered Acetylsalicylic acid), medicine contains antacids; another called enteric Acetylsalicylic acid (enteric-coated Acetylsalicylic acid), which Acetylsalicylic acid coat is resistant to acid corrosion, only to the small intestine will begin to release the drug. Acetylsalicylic acid should take water, such as and other fluids taken together, like fruit juices and alcoholic beverages, can easily irritate the stomach.

Acetylsalicylic acid substitutes include acetyl amino benzene (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen (ibuprofen). These two drugs are specifically caused as a result of taking Acetylsalicylic acid allergy and gastrointestinal discomfort for people and production. Acetyl amino benzene (Acetaminophen) compared with Acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen, can bring fewer side effects and allergic reactions. However, before taking the two drugs should also consult a physician, because these two drugs in patients with certain diseases would have a negative effect.

Acetylsalicylic acid belongs to a class called salicylates compound, this compound in the plant where it is. 400 BC Hippocrates (Hippocrates, 460 BC to 360 doctors of ancient Greece, the Bank said the father of medicine), have used willow bark to relieve pain, willow bark contains salicylates compounds. In 1853, Charles • Where • Gerhardt (Charles von Gerhardt, German chemist) was first synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (acetylsalicylic acid). In 1893, Felix Hoffman, another German doctor, discovered with the lowest cost method of mass production of this drug. In 1899, this drug was first to begin selling the name Acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid has been trademark, until 1921 the court declared Acetylsalicylic acid is acetylsalicylic acid name drugs, because it has been so widely used.

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Statins can inhibit the replication of hepatitis C virus

A new study found that commonly used cholesterol-lowering statin drugs can also inhibit the replication of hepatitis C virus. They may replace ribavirin (antiviral) therapy used in combination with interferon to treat hepatitis C. The study, published in July in the journal Hepatology.

Currently, there are around 170 million people were hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Standard therapy for hepatitis C is interferon plus ribavirin, but this therapy is only effective in 55% of patients. The remaining 45% of patients develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer face the threat.

In previous studies, researchers at Okayama University in Japan that called lovastatin inhibin drugs (statin), can inhibit HCV replication. In the new study, the researchers examined the other statin drugs, hoping to get more effective anti-HCV drugs.

Analysis system using the OR6 cell lines, the researchers assessed the five kinds of statin-type drugs anti-hepatitis C virus activity, these drugs are atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin. When individually tested statins drugs, in addition to all the pravastatin drugs can inhibit the replication of hepatitis C virus, which Fluvastatin strongest effect. Atorvastatin and simvastatin effects are moderate and relatively weak effect of lovastatin. Although pravastatin did not show the activity of anti-hepatitis C virus, but it can act as inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, which means taking statins other anti-HCV activity, not by direct inhibition of HMG-CoA.

In addition researchers also determined statins, anti-HCV activity and cytotoxic effects unrelated to kill, so they do not kill the host cell.

In addition, the researchers also examined each of the statins when used in combination with interferon anti-HCV effect. The results confirmed that in addition to the combination of pravastatin, the other each with a combination of interferon antiviral activity, to be higher than the statin alone. Moreover, fluvastatin plus interferon antiviral has the most activity.

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What is Paclitaxel used for?

Paclitaxel and Taxotere are taxanes (Taxoids). Taxane is active ingredient from yew tree trunks, bark or needles extract or semi-synthetic. As early as the 1960s that found by the American West yew (Taxus brevis) trunk crude extract has anti-tumor activity. 1971 Walletal isolated paclitaxel, the U.S. National Cancer Institute human cancer cell lines in vitro screening for ovarian cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer prominent effect on transplanted animal tumors such as melanoma, lung cancer also significantly inhibited. Thus in 1983 paclitaxel(CAS NO: 33069-62-4) was in clinical studies. Because of its unique mechanism of action, effective for many patients with drug-resistant, paclitaxel became one of the most popular anticancer drugs.

Paclitaxel in 1994 in China's listed, paclitaxel has been made through the review conducted Phase Ⅱ clinical trial.

1. [Usage of Paclitaxel] general clinical use of paclitaxel following procedures:

(1)First ask whether the patient allergies, and view data in white blood cells and platelets. History of allergy and WBC / thrombocytopenia should be used with caution.

(2)Since this drug can cause allergic reactions, the administration 12 hours and 6 hours before taking dexamethasone 20mg, 30 to 60 minutes before the administration to give oral diphenhydramine and cimetidine 300mg 50mg intravenously.

(3)Three commonly used dose of paclitaxel 135 ~ 175mg/m2, the first injection should be added to the saline or 5% glucose solution 500 ~ 1000ml in glass or polyethylene infusion required, the application of a special hose and 0.22μm microporous membrane filtration.

(4)Per 15 minutes after the start of infusion should be measured blood pressure, heart rate, breathing again, watch for allergic reactions.

(5)Generally, it takes 3 hours for once infusion.

(6)After injection blood picture should be checked weekly for at least 2 times, 3 to 4 weeks later, as the case may be repeated.

It can be used with cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, fluorouracil, doxorubicin, VP-16 and other joint applications, such as low blood applied when G-CSF, or paclitaxel plus G-CSF prophylaxis.

2. Note of Using Paclitaxel

(1)Hematologic toxicity: In order to improve the main factor limiting the dose, usually in the WBC less than 1500/mm3 helper application when G-CSF, platelets less than 30,000 / mm3 should transfusion of blood components.

(2) An allergic reaction: In addition to pre-treatment, but if there is only mild symptoms such as facial flushing, skin reactions, slightly faster heart rate, blood pressure may not have the easing of withdrawal can be slow drip. However, if severe reactions such as low blood pressure, angioedema, dyspnea, body hives happened, should be discontinued and appropriate treatment given. Patients with severe allergies should not be applied again next paclitaxel treatment.

(3)Nervous System: The most common is numb fingers and toes. About 4% of the patients, especially in high doses may appear obvious sensory and motor deficits and reduced tendon reflexes. There have been isolated reports of infusion occurs in grand mal epilepsy.

(4)Cardiovascular: tachycardia and hypotension over a relatively common, generally do not need treatment. But in the first hour of infusion should be closely observed, since except for patients with serious conduction block does not have to observe once every hour.

(5)Joints and muscles: about half of the patients in the medication after 2 to 3 days will feel joint and muscle pain, and the dose-related. It usually takes a few days to recover. Given G-CSF in patients with muscle pain will increase.

(6)Hepatobiliary system: Since most paclitaxel excreted by the bile of patients with hepatobiliary disease should be carefully observed. In thousands of cases the information about 8% of patients with elevated bilirubin, 23% of patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase increased with 18%. But there is no information on paclitaxel serious liver damage.

(7)Other: gastrointestinal reactions, although uncommon but generally not heavy, a few may have diarrhea and mucositis. Mild hair loss are more common.

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Food grade Ethyl Alcohol

MF: CH3CH2OH             Weight: 46

Structure of Ethyl Alcohol:

1.   Overview of Food grade Ethyl Alcohol

Ethyl Alcohol (CAS NO: 64-17-5), chemical name ethanol, is an important organic chemical raw materials. Many senior organic chemical products are synthesized from Ethyl Alcohol begins. The consumption of Ethyl Alcohol is mainly used to blending white wine and other Ethyl Alcoholic beverages, our country is a big country of production and consumption, consumption of Ethyl Alcohol production first began in ancient winemaking techniques. At present, Chinese annual consumption of Ethyl Alcohol production capacity is five million tons, the actual annual production is three hundred tons. The main production plants are ethanol plant in Nanyang, Henan, Shandong and Ethyl Alcohol Group Co., Ltd. Tengzhou Niangjiuzongchang, Beijing Red Star Brewery Group Limited.

2. The nature of Ethyl Alcohol

Ethyl Alcohol is a colorless transparent volatile and flammable liquid, with wine aroma and spicy taste stimuli. Proportion of 0.7893 (20/4 ℃), melting point -117.3 ℃, boiling point 78.4 ℃. Ethyl Alcohol is soluble in water, methanol, ether and chloroform. Camphor, resin or pigment, or insoluble in water, soluble substance, can be dissolved in Ethyl Alcohol. Clear wine is hygroscopic form azeotropes with water, when the distillate at 78.10 ℃. Ethyl Alcohol vapor mixed with air can form explosive mixtures explosion limit of 3.5 to 18.0% (volume). Ethyl Alcohol irritating to the skin, and its dilute solution into a small drink exciting; many are feeling tired and drunk drinking; excessive drinking will lead to death. Ethyl Alcohol has sterilization performance, 75% Ethyl Alcohol sterilization strongest.

3. Uses of Food grade Ethyl Alcohol

Consumption of Ethyl Alcohol is mainly used to manufacture a variety of wine and Ethyl Alcoholic beverages, also used in the production of pharmaceuticals and flavors and fragrances.

4. The manufacturing method of Food grade Ethyl Alcohol

The manufacturing method of Ethyl Alcohol consumption mainly starch fermentation.

Main ingredients: corn, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum, cassava, melons, dried and powder residue and so on.

Corn, sorghum, potatoes, which contain large amounts of starch, but not directly into ethanol, starch must be approved by saccharification enzyme (Diast ase) hydrolyzed to glucose before they can ferment into Ethyl Alcohol and carbon dioxide. The presence of large malt saccharification enzymes may also be used koji mold enzymes.

The main process of the first grinding grain, to be cooked, so that the paste, and powder or curved with a large malt saccharification and adjusted to a sugar solution containing 10 to 15%, and then into the fermenter for fermentation. After primary distillation and rectification, you can get 95% Ethyl Alcohol.

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Ammonium sulfate price at home and abroad

Last week the international ammonium sulfate market kept steady, but a little rise

According to "steel couplet information of coal chemical industry" network monitoring data shows, last week (August 1st - August 8th) the international ammonium sulfate market was mainly stabile, ammonium sulfate(CAS NO: 7783-20-2) prices in Kherson rose slightly. The details are as follows:

FOB: Baltic ammonium sulfate market prices in the 125130 dollars / ton, it kept flat; the black market price of ammonium sulfate in 130133 dollars / ton, it also kept flat; Kherson ammonium sulfate market prices in the 122128 dollars / ton, lower prices of ammonium sulfate went down 2dollars / ton, while high-end price increased by 5 dollars / ton.

CIF: Southeast Asia market price of ammonium sulfate was 138 - 142 dollars / ton, it almost kept flat; ammonium sulfate prices in Brazil area was 147 - 158 dollars / ton, high-end price of ammonium sulfate fell 3 dollars / ton.

Last week the international ammonium sulfate market fluctuation was not serious, there are no obvious influence on the domestic market. At present, domestic demand for ammonium sulfate is still no improvement, the dealer receiving care; and as the coke enterprises, basically quite price operation, so the low price goods are hard to find, and high basic is small, it is expected that the short-term domestic ammonium sulfate Market is still to maintain a narrow range consolidation situation.

Domestic exports are showing a strong growth trend of ammoniumsulfate

By the Xiaoshan inspection and Quarantine Bureau statistics, 2013 1-7 month, ammonium sulfate fertilizer exported 68 batches, 162900 tons, worth US $27517200, growth of 6700% year-on-year growth of 16190% batch, weight, value growth of 12698.60%, which in July exported 8 batches, 21400 tons, worth US $2388000, growth of 700% year-on-year growth of 2040% batch, weight, value growth 1010.70%.

It is reported, ammonium sulfate fertilizer as Zhejiang baling Hengyi caprolactam limited production of caprolactam product exports. By-product ammonium sulfate as a good fertilizer, realize the comprehensive utilization of waste, to achieve the purpose of energy-saving and emissions reduction. To encourage the development of ammonium sulfate industry in China, the zero tariff export policy. Since 2012 July began to export ammonium sulfate fertilizer, ammonium sulfate to achieve the export across Xiaoshan. Xiaoshan ammonium sulfate is mainly exported to Southeast Asia, Mexico and other countries and regions. Southeast Asia is the world's largest consumer region of ammonium sulfate.

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A small experiment about Potassium carbonate

Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is a white salt, soluble in water, which forms a strongly alkaline solution. It can be made as the product of potassium hydroxide's absorbent reaction with carbon dioxide. It is deliquescent, often appearing a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is used in the production of soap and glass. The CAS NO is 584-08-7.

Potassium Carbonate is a water insoluble Potassium source that can easily be converted to other Potassium compounds, such as the oxide by heating (calcination). Carbonate compounds also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids. Potassium Carbonate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and manpower forms may be considered.

In this article, I will teach you a simple method to get Potassium carbonate from wood ash.

The main components of wood ash are potassium carbonate and calcium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide. Potassium carbonate is soluble, after dissolution, filtration, evaporation, cooling and crystallization and other steps, we can put the ash Potassium carbonate extracted from wood ash.

The specific steps extracted Potassiumcarbonate in plant ash as follows:

(1)   Put a certain amount of wood ash in the beaker, add water to the higher ash surface 1cm~2cm. Light heat, and stir with the glass rod, the plant ash in potassium salts dissolved in water.

(2)   Ready for a filter, the beaker of ash extract together with filter. Finally get the clear filtrate.

(3)   Put the filtrate into the evaporating dish, the evaporating dish for heating, stirring constantly with a glass rod solution, prevent the droplet splash. When the evaporation to only a small amount of liquid, stop heating.

(4)   Static cooling evaporation of salt crystals, slowly precipitation.

(5)   The salt crystal dissolution, adding hydrochloric acid to see whether there is a clear limewater mixing the gas generation; it shows the carbonate ions exist.

This is one of the simplest methods of extraction of potassium carbonate from wood ash, we can only see it as a small experiment, not get potassium carbonate of high purity through the activity.

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Some interesting questions about Sodium sulfate

Question 1:

Anhydrous sodium sulfate can be used to dry, directly added to the solution? How to choose the amount?

Right, you can directly add sodium sulfate to the solution. 142 grams anhydrous sodium sulfate can absorb 180 grams of water in theory, but I have done some experiments, found that sufficient absorbed water is a long process, it takes about 40 hours or more time. Different organic liquid with different quantity, such as toluene or solution difficult to dissolve in water, can add some less, (water can disappear).

Esters, slightly soluble in water, should also add some less, (water can disappear) but shall be placed for a period of time.

But alcohol, sodium sulfate (CAS NO: 7757-82-6) solution with most dehydration to 1% - 2% to the dewatering effect for high precision products can not.

In fact, for compounds with small measurement can be used instead of sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, because its water absorption capacity is stronger than sodium sulfate, it can also reduce the dosage and time. The salt water is proportional to the time, so the place a few hours is necessary. The general process of magnesium sulfate powder, even if the water is not sodium sulfate as a chunk, it exists as a small grain, so that the washing is easy to wash thoroughly.

Question 2:

How Anhydrous sodium sulfate to dry liquid?

We can not say that Anhydrous sodium sulfate dry the liquid, we can only say that the removal of organic liquid or gas in the water. The reason is that anhydrous sodium sulfate has water absorption.

1. Dry gas: anhydrous sodiumsulfate loading such as drying tube, the gas can be removed by water.

2. Removing the organic liquid water (such as alcohol): it can directly add anhydrous sodium sulfate into the solution, to filter solid water.

Questions 3:

Why not use anhydrous calcium chloride to dry volatile oil extraction, but anhydrous sodium sulfate?

Anhydrous calcium chloride as a desiccant is not suitable for treatment of organic matter, because anhydrous calcium chloride to form complexes with many organic compounds (alcohols, amines and aldehydes, ketones, esters). But Anhydrous sodium sulfate has no this problem. The main drawback is the drying efficiency is not high enough, the most suitable for preliminary drying.

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The FDA approved Febuxostat for the treatment of hyperuricemia

In February 16, 2009, the United States FDA approved nearly 40 years first for the treatment of hyperuricemia in gout drug. The febuxostat is produced by the Takeda pharmaceuticals North America. Febuxostat by reducing blood levels of uric acid in the blood of patients with gout symptoms improve.

According to a statement of Takeda's drug: the structure of febuxostat (CAS NO: 144060-53-7)

 is quite different from the structure of xanthine oxidase inhibitors developed 40 years ago, it is a kind of new and efficient non purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase is the key enzyme of promoting the formation of uric acid. The Febuxostat can lower blood levels of uric acid in hyperuricemic gout patients, the efficacy and safety of febuxostat have been demonstrated in clinical studies. What’s more, in moderate to severe renal insufficiency patients do not need to adjust the dosage.

The dose of febuxostat 1 times a day, every 40 mg or 80 mg, but it is not recommended patients with gout but no high hyperuricemia to use febuxostat.

The original manufacturer of Febuxostat is another Japanese company - Japan Teijin Pharmaceutical. The president of the Teijin pharmaceutical companies had a recent statement; we can understand the company’s global strategy of febuxostat. He said, before the FDA in febuxostat license, the product of Ipsen Company has also obtained the approval of EU. Ipsen is about Benfeibusuotan Kyorin pharmaceutical in the EU's permission, Takeda Kitami pharmaceuticals is the product in the United States licensing company. The company has been in the global strategic sense of milepost type. At the same time, he also pointed out that, in the Asian market, Kyorin pharmaceutical will take the independent development or the form of joint development.

Gout is a heterogeneous group of disorders, hereditary and (or) to obtain the excretion of uric acid by reducing and (or) purine metabolic disorder. Clinical features: hyperuricemia, and urate crystal deposition characteristic, caused by acute arthritis, gout, interstitial nephritis, serious show joint deformity and function of dirty love. It is often associated with uric acid calculi. Pseudogout is often confused with gout, because its symptoms are very similar, then, pseudogout is caused by metabolic disorder of calcium phosphate, instead of uric acid metabolism disorder caused by.

According to the United States National Arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases research institute (NIAMS) data showed that, there are 6000000, 20 years of age or older people experience the gout life in the United States of America. The male patients usually aged 40-50 is more common, and women with premenopausal rare. Experienced in organ transplant patients are also prone to gout. NIAMS points out that the drugs can increase the risk of gout: (1) the diuretic furosemide; hydrochlorothiazide; metolazone; (2) such as aspirin, salicylic acid; (3) nicotinic acid; (4) Cyclosporine Neoral; (5) Levodopa.

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Nanjing LAN-STAR Tetrahydrofuran project will put into operation.

Tetrahydrofuran is a class of heterocyclic organic compounds. It is one of the strongest polar ethers, it is used as a middle polarity solvent in chemical reaction and extraction. It is a colorless volatile liquid, similar to the ether, it soluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, most organic solvents.

Tetrahydrofuran(CAS NO: 109-99-9) use widely in chemical industry, we need amount of Tetrahydrofuran every day, In order to improve the yield of tetrahydrofuran our country have made a lot of effort. Here is a good news for the Tetrahydrofuran demander, Nanjing LAN-STAR Tetrahydrofuran project will put into operation.

Nanjing LAN-STAR chemical new material Co., Ltd., 44000 tons / year of tetrahydrofuran (THF) project recently get through the whole process, maleic anhydride and tetrahydrofuran two device smooth outputs of qualified products. At present, running stability, excellent product performance.

The project total investment of 878000000 yuan, with benzene, maleic anhydride, methanol as raw materials, using advanced technology and production equipment, including maleic anhydride by benzene fixed bed catalytic oxidation process, tetrahydrofuran production using maleic anhydride esterification hydrogenation process, in the production process to achieve the recycling of water resources and the utilization of steam condensate water, and materials recovery and recycling use of tetrahydrofuran recovery tower and methanol recovery unit. The company's products will be the future of tetrahydrofuran polyurethane derivative products of raw materials, become a part of Nanjing chemical industry park of the petrochemical industry chain.

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How to deal with Benzyl benzoate dangers

Benzyl benzoate is the ester of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid, with the formula C6H5CH2O2CC6H5. Its CAS NO is 120-51-4. This easily prepared compound with a mild balsamic odor has a variety of uses. Benzyl benzoate is also a kind of flammable and explosive chemical. In this article I will show how to deal with, when you are in the Benzyl benzoate danger.

1. Health hazards of Benzyl benzoate

Benzyl benzoate has irritant to the eyes, skin, mucous membrane and respiratory irritation. At present, no occupation poisoning reports. This product is lower blood pressure reports.

2. First aid measures

If the skin is exposed to Benzyl benzoate, you should remove contaminated clothing immediately, and wash with flow water. If the eyes are exposed to Benzyl benzoate, you should raise your eyelid, and rinse with water or saline. And then you should be taken to the hospital promptly. If inhaled, you should be from the scene to fresh air. If breathing difficulties, it shall timely oxygen, and seeing a doctor. If eating Benzyl benzoate unconsciously, you should drink enough water, emetic, and go for Medical treatment immediately.

3. Fire fighting measures

Benzyl benzoate is a kind of flammable and explosive chemical. Benzyl benzoate encountered fire, burns easily, and can generate a lot of heat. It burns harmful gases are mainly carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

When Benzyl benzoate fire occurs, you should move the vessels to an open area as far as possible. Keep the containers cooling in the fire place by water spray, until the fire is ending. If the containers in the fire ground have discoloration or there is some voice from the relief pressure device in production, people must evacuate immediately. The Extinguishing Medias of Benzyl benzoate are water spray, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand.

4. Leakage treatment measures

Quickly evacuate personnel in leak contaminated areas to a safe area, and keep them isolation, strict restrictions on access. Cut off the fire source. Wear filtration mask emergency treatment recommendations (full cover), wear ordinary work clothes. Cut off the source of leakage as far as possible. If the liquid, you have to prevent it from flowing into the sewer drainage ditch, confined space.

If just mall spills: absorb with sand, vermiculite, or other inert material. You can also scrub with non flammable dispersant made of emulsion, lotion diluted into the wastewater system.

If a large number of leaks,: construct a barrier pit to contain. Pump to tank exclusive collector, place the disposal or transported to the waste disposal. If Benzyl benzoate is solid, collect Benzyl benzoate in dry, clean, covered containers with the shovel clean. If the quantities are too many, collection and recycling or shipped to the disposal of waste disposal sites.

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Reaction of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

When learned the properties of alkaline oxide and acidic oxides in the junior middle school chemistry, we all wanted to see the phenomenon of the interaction between them. But because of the experiment is too difficult, we were often told not to do it in teaching. Both the teachers and students feel very sorry for that.

After repeated experiments, I have solved this problem; the operating processes of the experiment are as follows:

1. Experiment supplies

Two Penicillin bottles with plug, one medical large needle, a small balloon bag, 2 rubber droppers, a little fresh calcium oxide (CAS NO: 1305-78-8), and a little amount of dilute hydrochloric acid, clarification of calcium oxide water.

2. The experimental process

(1)   Crushing the fresh calcium oxide into powdered form, and then packing 1 gram calcium oxide powder into the penicillin bottle, and filled with carbon dioxide gas, quickly with rubber plug sealing.

(2) Full fill the balloon bag with carbon dioxide gas, binding the large needle in the mouth of balloon bag, inserted it to the penicillin bottle quickly, and shake the penicillin bottle gently, so that the carbon dioxide and calcium oxide can full contact, and then placed it on the desktop.

3. Analyzing the experimental phenomena

(1)   The balloon bag filled with carbon dioxide was gradually fade in the experiment, it means that the internal pressure of penicillin bottle decrease, it proves that chemical reactions occurred in the bottle, to reduce the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle.

(2)   Adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the reaction of penicillin bottle of A and another containing penicillin bottle of B calcium oxide, respectively, and map 1b device quickly plug sealing filled with rubber dropper clear calcium oxide water, and oscillation of penicillin bottle, and gently squeeze the rubber head tube of calcium oxide water, control of calcium oxide water droplets do not fall in the penicillin bottle, and moved up and down in the burette, the calcium oxide water dropper bottle without changes in B, indicating no carbon dioxide gas produced. The bottle A dropper in calcium oxide water are slightly cloudy phenomenon, it proved that the calcium carbonate A bottle, which is composed of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide reaction to come, it produces and dilute hydrochloric acid reaction of carbon dioxide gas, so that the dropper of calcium oxide water turbid.

The experiment has the advantages of simple operation, obvious phenomenon, it is suitable for teacher's demonstration experiment in the class, but also adapt to the student experiment.

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