2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is a branched, eight-carbon alcohol. After the lighter alcohols (those with one to four carbons such as methanol or butanol), 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is the mosit important synthetic alcohol. Industrially, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is mainly used in the manufacture of ester plasticizers which are used in producing soft polyvinyl chloride.
Almost all 2-Ethyl-1-hexano(CAS NO:104-76-7) is converted into the diesters bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer. Because it is a fatty alcohol, its esters tend to have emollient properties. For example, the sunscreen octocrylene contains a the chemical for this purpose. It is also commonly used as a low volatility solvent. It can also be used as an octane booster when reacted with nitric acid.
The other major use of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol(CAS NO:104-76-7) is in the manufacture of a chemical used in the manufacture of coating materials, adhesives, printing inks, and impregnating agents. EPA expects that exposure to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is widespread, though not at high concentrations. It occurs naturally in food and is used as a flavor volatile and is approved as an indirect U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA.) Food Additive. In addition, It is used as a pesticide inert ingredient in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops, raw agricultural commodities (RAGs), or animals. As such, it has three tolerance exemptions: 40.Q.EB 180.910; 40.Q.EB 180.920; and 40 .Q.EB 180.930.
Individuals may be exposed to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol through the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. In terms of a pesticide inert ingredient, EPA expects that exposure to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol would primarily be through the oral route, via consumption of agricultural crops to which this inert ingredient has been applied as a solvent, cosolvent, or defoamer and exposure through drinking water. Additional dermal and inhalation exposure may occur from residential use of pesticide products containing 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol on ornamental plants and lawns, as well as from the use in and around the home and on textiles. EPA expects that exposure to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol will be low, both through food (which includes drinking water) and residential exposure.
Overall, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is of low acute toxicity by the oral and dermallroutes; however, it is moderately irritating to the skin and severely irritating to the eye. In subchronic repeat dose studies, hepatic effects were noted, including increased liver weights and peroxisome proliferation in rats and mice. To explore this finding alnd EPA's concern that it could induce cancer, EPA required oncogenicity testing under the Toxic Substances Control Act. After reviewing the studies submitted under the test rule, the Agency concluded that 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is not carcinogenic in the mouse or rat. No evidence of neurotoxicity was identified. The available data indicate that 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is not mutagenic.
Further, the available data show that 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is not developmentally toxic. Because exposure to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is expected to be low and developmental toxicity is not expected, a safety factor analysis was not used to assess the risks resulting from the use of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.
Taking into consideration all available information on 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, EPA has determined that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm to any population subgroup will result from aggregate exposure to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol used as an inert ingredient in pesticide products when considering dietary exposure and all other nonoccupational sources of pesticide exposure for which there is reliable information.
Overall exposure due to the inert use of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is expected to result in human exposure below any dose level that would produce any adverse effect. Therefore, it is recommended that the three exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance established for residues of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol can be considered reassessed as safe under section 408(q) of FFDCA.
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2013年12月1日星期日
2013年11月10日星期日
Summary of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol (abbreviated 2-EH) is a fatty alcohol, an organic compound is a branched, eight-carbon chiral alcohol. It is a colorless liquid that is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. It is produced on a massive scale as a precursor to plasticizers, some of which are controversial as potential endocrine disruptors.
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is a clear, colourless liquid with an odour described as sweet, floral, intense, and unpleasant. Its formula is C8H18O, and CAS NO is 104-76-7. It occurs naturally in food and is also added as flavouring to foods. This compound is formulated by petrochemical synthesis and used predominately in the production of plasticizers for PVC resins, hexyl esters, and arylates. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is also used in textiles and as a solvent and wetting agent.
Almost all 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is converted into the diesters bis(2-Ethyl-1-hexanol) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer. Because it is a fatty alcohol, its esters tend to have emollient properties. For example, the sunscreen octocrylene contains a 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol ester for this purpose. It is also commonly used as a low volatility solvent. This chemical can also be used as an octane booster when reacted with nitric acid.
In the atmosphere, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol occurs in the vapour phase and will undergo atmospheric degradation via photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. It is only moderately soluble in water, from which it will volatilize or undergo biodegradation. This compound is unlikely to adsorb to sediments or soil.
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is produced industrially by the aldol condensation of n-butyraldehyde, followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way annually. The n-butyraldehyde is made by hydroformylation of propylene, either in a self-contained plant or as the first step in a fully integrated facility. Most facilities make n-butanol and isobutanol in addition to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.
Plants, including a variety of fruits, are a natural source of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol emissions. Anthropogenic emission sources of this chemical include those resulting from its manufacturing and use as a solvent. It is also released in the manufacturing of plasticizers, plastics, coatings, cetane improvers, lubricant additives, and surfactants. It is formed from combustion of PVC plastics and disinfection of water and wastewater using chlorine dioxide. In indoor environments, it is emitted from some carpeting. This chemical is currently not a reportable substance for Environment Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory.
In humans and animals, toxicity endpoints associated with acute 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol inhalation include irritation of eyes and throat, headaches, cough, dizziness, and fatigue. There is limited evidence to suggest acute, reversible neurotoxicity. No chronic effects were reported in either animal or human studies. Animal studies have concluded that this chemical is neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic. No data was identified for the effects of this chemical on terrestrial vegetation. In algae (Chlorella emersonii), 50 and 100 mg dm3 this chemical added to growth medium severely inhibited algal growth rate.
The standard method for monitoring 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol in air employs the use of charcoal solid sorbent tubes. Reference air monitoring methods were limited to one method developed, tested and reported by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Ambient air quality guidelines or objectives were developed for 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol by only 5 of the 22 agencies evaluated.These agencies included: Ontario, Texas, Oklahoma, Michigan, and Vermont. Where reported, the basis for the guideline or objective was odour. No guidelines were developed based on occupational exposure criteria as there were no occupational criteria for 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.
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2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is a clear, colourless liquid with an odour described as sweet, floral, intense, and unpleasant. Its formula is C8H18O, and CAS NO is 104-76-7. It occurs naturally in food and is also added as flavouring to foods. This compound is formulated by petrochemical synthesis and used predominately in the production of plasticizers for PVC resins, hexyl esters, and arylates. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is also used in textiles and as a solvent and wetting agent.
Almost all 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is converted into the diesters bis(2-Ethyl-1-hexanol) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer. Because it is a fatty alcohol, its esters tend to have emollient properties. For example, the sunscreen octocrylene contains a 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol ester for this purpose. It is also commonly used as a low volatility solvent. This chemical can also be used as an octane booster when reacted with nitric acid.
In the atmosphere, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol occurs in the vapour phase and will undergo atmospheric degradation via photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. It is only moderately soluble in water, from which it will volatilize or undergo biodegradation. This compound is unlikely to adsorb to sediments or soil.
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is produced industrially by the aldol condensation of n-butyraldehyde, followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way annually. The n-butyraldehyde is made by hydroformylation of propylene, either in a self-contained plant or as the first step in a fully integrated facility. Most facilities make n-butanol and isobutanol in addition to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.
Plants, including a variety of fruits, are a natural source of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol emissions. Anthropogenic emission sources of this chemical include those resulting from its manufacturing and use as a solvent. It is also released in the manufacturing of plasticizers, plastics, coatings, cetane improvers, lubricant additives, and surfactants. It is formed from combustion of PVC plastics and disinfection of water and wastewater using chlorine dioxide. In indoor environments, it is emitted from some carpeting. This chemical is currently not a reportable substance for Environment Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory.
In humans and animals, toxicity endpoints associated with acute 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol inhalation include irritation of eyes and throat, headaches, cough, dizziness, and fatigue. There is limited evidence to suggest acute, reversible neurotoxicity. No chronic effects were reported in either animal or human studies. Animal studies have concluded that this chemical is neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic. No data was identified for the effects of this chemical on terrestrial vegetation. In algae (Chlorella emersonii), 50 and 100 mg dm3 this chemical added to growth medium severely inhibited algal growth rate.
The standard method for monitoring 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol in air employs the use of charcoal solid sorbent tubes. Reference air monitoring methods were limited to one method developed, tested and reported by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Ambient air quality guidelines or objectives were developed for 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol by only 5 of the 22 agencies evaluated.These agencies included: Ontario, Texas, Oklahoma, Michigan, and Vermont. Where reported, the basis for the guideline or objective was odour. No guidelines were developed based on occupational exposure criteria as there were no occupational criteria for 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.
Want to learn more information about 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, you can access the guidechem.com. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.
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