The medicine, D-Glucitol

Name of this medicine: D-Glucitol

Alias of this medicine: Cholaxine、Sorbitol、D-Sorbitol、Diakarmon、Karion、L-Gulitol、Neosorb、Sorbit

Pharmacological action of D-Glucitol: D-Glucitol is similar to mannitol, because most of D-Glucitol convert into glycogen after being into the body and reduce its high permeability, so the role of weak than mannitol. D-Glucitol (CAS NO : 50-70-4) can increase the osmotic pressure of plasma and tissue dehydration, reducing intracranial pressure, and reduce the intraocular pressure. From the glomerular filtration, due to high osmotic pressure in the proximal tubules produced a diuretic effect.

Clinical application of D-Glucito: For the prevention of traumatic brain injury, cerebral edema, acute renal failure, glaucoma and acute oliguric renal failure.

The taboos of D-Glucitol:

(1) Someone who suffer with acute, chronic renal insufficiency disable.

(2) People who suffer with intracranial hemorrhage were banned.

Adverse reactions:

(1) The most common adverse reactions are “water and electrolyte disorders”.

---The rapid intravenous injection of D-Glucitol, the D-Glucitol accumulation in the body can cause blood volume rapidly growing, leading to heart failure (especially the cardiac function damage), dilutional hyponatremia, even can cause hyperkalemia.

---Excessive and inappropriate diuresis leads to reduced blood volume, increase oliguria.

(2) Chills, fever.

(3) The dysuria.

(4) Thrombophlebitis.

(5) Sorbitol extravasation can cause tissue edema, necrosis of skin.

(6) Allergic rashes, hives, difficulty breathing, anaphylactic shock.

(7) The dizziness, blurred vision.

(8) The hyperosmolality induced thirst.

(9) Osmotic nephrosis, mainly in the large dose of rapid intravenous drip. The mechanism has not been fully elucidated, possible renal tubular fluid pressure rise too high caused by D-Glucitol, resulting in renal tubular epithelial cell > injury. Pathological manifestations of renal tubular epithelial cell swelling, vacuolization, clinically reduced urine output, and acute renal failure. Osmotic nephrosis is common in the elderly decreased renal blood flow and low sodium, dehydrated patients.

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An interesting story about Acetylsalicylic acid

Acetylsalicylic Acid, also known by trade name Aspirin, is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with melting point 137°C. Its CAS NO is 50-78-2.

Today, Acetylsalicylic Acid is one of the most widely used medications in the world, estimated 40,000 tones of Acetylsalicylic Acid being consumed each year. In countries where Acetylsalicylic Acid is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).

      

Today, most of us well know of Acetylsalicylic Acid, but you may not hear about the history of Acetylsalicylic Acid. The origin of Acetylsalicylic Acid has a long history; this article will give you the answer.

In 2300 years ago, the founder of Western medicine, the Greek physiological and medical scientist F Pokela Di has found, water willow leaf and leather goods has analgesic and antipyretic effect, but he didn’t clear its active ingredients then.

In 1827, British scientists first discovered LAROX willow contains a substance called salicin. In 1853, the German chemist Jerg first synthetic salicylates predecessor -- Pure salicylic acid, it has antipyretic analgesic effect, but highly toxic, has strong stimulation to the stomach. In 1897, another German chemist Hoffman, for relieving his father’s rheumatic pain, he changed the pure salicylic acid to acetylsalicylic acid.

Since then, the acetylsalicylic acid has been recognized by public, and it was gradually used down, which is now known as Acetylsalicylic Acid. It remains the properties of pure salicylic acid, but its toxicity and adverse reaction was greatly reduced.

Because Acetylsalicylic Acid has magical effect on the fever, the demand for Acetylsalicylic Acid is huge. Very soon, the German chemist Bayer founded the manufacturing process with industrial methods of Acetylsalicylic Acid in 1899, started mass production of Acetylsalicylic Acid, and sell well all over the world.

China began production Acetylsalicylic Acid in 1958. Now, Acetylsalicylic Acid has been used for hundreds of years, it becomes one of the three major classical drugs in history of medicine.

It remains most widely used for antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory in the world. Acetylsalicylic Acid is always used as the comparison and evaluation of standard preparation of other drugs. The medicine can be used for antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory (fever, toothache, pain, acute rheumatic fever, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rheumatic and rheumatoid arthritis).

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The latest news of Ammonium bifluoride

1. Ammonium bifluoride project was officially settled in Fuquan in August 5th

After several rounds of negotiations, the Ammonium bifluoride project by the Zhejiang Changji Electric Machinery Company Limited investment signed an investment agreement with Fuquan City in last day, officially settled in Fuquan.

The investment intention of the project was held in Fuquan phosphate in the first national forum in Fuquan phosphate, 2012, but the project of Ammonium bifluoride was formally signed in the Provincial Federation of industry and Commerce boosting the development of county economy -- into the Fuquan and project signing ceremony.

This Ammonium bifluoride (CAS NO : 1341-49-7) project total investment 60000000 yuan, the construction in two phases, the first phase of construction with an annual output of 15000 tons of fluoride salt (NH5F2, NH4F) production line, the construction of two annual output of 500 tons of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 six) production line. When this Ammonium bifluoride project accomplished, it can realize annual sales income of 165000000 yuan, annual tax 9500000 yuan. The construction of the project, effectively promoted the development of Fuquan fluorine iodine fine chemical industry, the recycling of resources of great significance.

In order to guarantee the project start construction as soon as possible, Fuquan city organized Development and Reform Organization, Planning Bureau, Land Bureau, Environmental Protection Bureau and many other departments join to reconnaissance site, enterprise site office.

2. The Yunnan fluoride ammonium bifluoride price dynamic in July 30th

Yunnan Ammonium bifluoride market offer for 6500 yuan / ton, device production capacity of 30000 tons / year, the device starts in the normal volume, and the shipment quantity is good.

3. The July 30th East ammoniumbifluoride price news

Some Ammonium bifluoride enterprises in East China today’s price (July 30th):

Huaxing fluorine chemistry:     6500 yuan / ton

Shao Wuhuaxin:                       6600 yuan / ton

Zhejiang peak:                          6700 yuan / ton

Yiyang Rong Sheng:                 6500 yuan / ton

Xinhua Changshu:                    6500 yuan / ton

The price is relatively stable, the normal construction, market trading flat.

4. Shao Wuhuaxin Ammonium bifluoride price news in July 30th

Shao Wuhuaxin ammonium bifluoride today (July 30th) offers for 6600 yuan / ton, the price is relatively stable.

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A report about paclitaxel

There are Data show that, for metastatic breast cancer women protein bound paclitaxel (AbraxaneR injection) compared with the highest standards of docetaxel dose, the former prolongs investigator assessed time and progression free survival (PFS) in recent 7 months.

Nab-paclitaxel is a new type of protein bound paclitaxel, an accepted chemotherapy drugs, combined with albumin, a protein is very small. Results from a phase II clinical trial, this study enrolled 302 patients with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer patients, published today in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO).

“We believe that the results suggest that in the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer, nab-paclitaxel once a week may be more effective and secure than docetaxel once 3 weeks, "lead researcher Dr. Gradisha William J. breast oncology and the Northwestern University comprehensive cancer center and director of the Robert H. Lurie announce.

The study included patients with metastatic breast cancer, protein bound paclitaxel in antitumor effect than paclitaxel solvent. This study is the evaluation of 3 kinds of protein binding efficacy and safety of paclitaxel scheme dose (single week regimen vs3 Zhou Fangan), and to examine differences in two kinds of dose regimens at the highest standard dose and safety. The patients were randomly divided into accepting protein bound paclitaxel every 3 weeks of 300 mg/m2  (q3w), 100 mg/m2 150 mg/m2 single week, one week, or paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 q3w. Results show that the protein bound paclitaxel 150 mg/m2 single week therapy, the median PFS than treatment with paclitaxel to long, the RECIST standard of curative effect evaluation, combining the research results of radiologists and scholars were evaluated, respectively for 12.9 months vs7.5 months, p=0.0065, which were 14.6 vs7.8 months, p=0.012.

Through independent radiology review, protein bound paclitaxel weekly plan the total efficiency (ORR) than paclitaxel high. The researchers found statistically significant evaluation weekly nab paclitaxel dose and the difference between paclitaxel dose.

Through research and independent radiologist review found, accept the weekly dose of protein bound paclitaxel and docetaxel compared with paclitaxel, protein have obvious disease control rate (DCR). All nab paclitaxel dose compared with paclitaxel showed a more security side and toxic reaction.

Dr. Gradishar said the study results support the early data, namely the protein bound paclitaxel as a suitable alternative docetaxel choice, as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. The study was supported by the California, Losangeles Abraxis biological science support.

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Acycloguanosine used as a medicine

1. Indications of acycloguanosine

(1) Herpes simplex virus infection: used for oral genital herpes virus infection of primary and recurrent cases; recurrent oral this product used to prevent cases. Injection for people has immunodeficiency. Prevention and treatment of primary and recurrent mucocutaneous infection and recurrent cases; also used in the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis.

(2) Herpes zoster: oral treatment for immunocompetent individuals with herpes and immunodeficiency mild case. Injection is just for the treatment of severe herpes patients with immunodeficiency.

(3) Treatment of immunodeficiency varicella.

(4) Local for early genital herpes infection and immunodeficiency caused by herpes simplex virus self limiting mucocutaneous herpes simplex initial treatment and relapse cases.

(5) Treatment of acute retinal necrosis with its sodium salt

2. Pharmacological mechanism of acycloguanosine

Acycloguanosine is a kind of disease resistant poison. It has inhibition on herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus and so on in vitro. This good entering the herpes virus infected cells, and deoxynucleoside competition virus thymidine kinase or cell kinase, then through two ways to inhibit virus replication:

(1) Disturbance of virus DNA polymerase, suppression of viral replication.

(2) In the DNA polymerase function, combined with the growth of the DNA chain, DNA chain elongation caused by interruption.

Acycloguanosine has a special affinity for the virus, but to a mammalian host cell toxicity.

3. Adverse reactions

(1) The common adverse reactions

The injection site or phlebitis inflammation, skin itching or hives, have a fever, rash, headache, nausea, mild,Vomiting, diarrhea, urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine values increased, abnormal liver function such as serum aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin slightly higher.

(2) Uncommon adverse reactions

Acute renal insufficiency, white and red blood cells decreased, decreased hemoglobin, neutropenia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, cholesterol, triglyceride, hematuria, hypotension, Dohan, palpitations, difficulty breathing, chest tightness.

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Ammonium sulfate prices in August

In July, with the northern summer agricultural demand, domestic Ammonium sulfate market trend had been a short-term shock, the mainstream low-end ex-factory price maintained at 1650 yuan (ton price, the same below). Expected August Ammonium sulfate market will maintain downward trend weakness.

At present, the mainstream ex-factory price of Ammonium sulfate of Ammonium sulfate in 1650 ~ 1800 yuan, the same period last year in 2100 ~ 2200 yuan, down 400 yuan. As the farmers use fertilizer habits change, the northern summer maize fertilizer demand fell significantly. The northern summer fertilizer basically ended, in August domestic demand mainly concentrated in the south of the two seasons, the production of autumn compound fertilizer plant fertilizer raw materials procurement, and sheet metal, chemical industry. Recently there are a number of new Ammonium sulfate manufacturers parking overhaul. August domestic Ammonium sulfate starts or will remain at 75% ~ 80%.

Since July 1st, the Ammonium sulfate into the export window period has been almost a month, while the international Ammonium sulfate FOB price has remained at $310. The price is too low so that domestic Ammonium sulfate export is not optimistic about the price, even below the $300. However, in July this year, domestic Ammonium sulfate exports or a substantial increase over the same period than in previous years.

India recently held a not quantitative Ammonium sulfate open tender, the tender will end in July 26th, the time of shipment before September 20th. This is the third time India tender Ammonium sulfate 2013/14 fiscal year. The first two tender respectively: June 3rd to the end of the tender, with a $331.5 CIF to purchase 1055000 tons of Ammonium sulfate; the end of June 22nd 303.33 to 304.4 dollar bid, to purchase 560000 tons of Ammonium sulfate. It is reported that India Ammonium sulfate stock is less than 1000000 tons of the three quarter in July, according to the demand of about 3000000 tons per month, the bidding is a must, or the India domestic chemical fertilizer market in early 9 will appear shortage. Estimated that the India Ammonium sulfate tender volume will reach 1000000 tons, of which 300000 ~ 400000 tons purchased from Iran, the rest from china. Price of India to the price down to $300.

If India bidding price of Ammonium sulfate below $300, reduced Chinese Ammonium sulfate ex-factory price will be lower than 1500 yuan. Domestically, As the international Ammonium sulfate market perspective, the price of Ammonium sulfate is India wishful thinking. Because of the early Eastern Europe Ammonium sulfate supplier active limiting, Egypt as the natural gas supply problems forced to reduce production, combined with previous international traders and suppliers a large number of shipments, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the main market for the supply of production in July sold out the basic, in the middle of July, the international price of Ammonium sulfate rebound slightly, the current Yuzhnyy Ammonium sulfate FOB price in 317 ~ 328 dollars. However, does not preclude India bidding once again lead the international prices may fall.

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Some questions and answers about Acetone (part two)

1. What are fire hazards and extinguishing media for acetone?

Flammable Properties: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE LIQUID. Can of Acetone ignite at room temperature. Releases vapour that can form explosive mixture with air. Can of Acetone be ignited by static discharge. Even dilute solutions in water may be flammable.

Suitable Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, appropriate foam, water spray or fog. Foam manufacturers should be consulted for recommendations regarding types of foams and application rates. Use water to keep non-leaking, fire-exposed containers cool.

Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical: Vapour may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back to a leak or open container. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated releasing contents. In a fire, the following hazardous materials may be generated: very toxic carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide; very toxic, flammable formaldehyde; corrosive acetic acid; and other chemicals.

2. What are the stability and reactivity hazards of acetone?

Chemical Stability: Normally stable.

Conditions to Avoid: Open flames, sparks, static discharge, heat and other ignition sources. Prolonged exposure to sunlight.

Incompatible Materials: Reacts violently with: oxidizing agents (e.g. peroxides), organic acids (e.g. acetic acid), strong reducing agents (e.g. hydrides). Not corrosive to: aluminum alloys, carbon steel.

Hazardous Decomposition Products: Very toxic carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide; very toxic, flammable formaldehyde; corrosive acetic acid; and other chemicals.

Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: None known.

3. What are accidental release measures for acetone?

Personal Precautions: Evacuate the area immediately. Isolate the hazard area. Keep out unnecessary and unprotected personnel. Eliminate all ignition sources. Use grounded, explosion-proof equipment. Increase ventilation to area or move leaking container to a well-ventilated and secure area.

Methods for Containment and Clean-up: Contain and soak up spill with absorbent that does not react with spilled product. Contaminated absorbent poses the same hazard as the spilled product. Place used absorbent into suitable, covered, labelled containers for disposal. Flush spill area.

Large spills or leaks: dike spilled product to prevent runoff. Contact emergency services and manufacturer/supplier for advice.

Other Information: Report spills to local health, safety and environmental authorities, as required

4. What are the engineering controls for acetone?

Engineering Controls: Use a local exhaust ventilation and enclosure, if necessary, to control amount in the air. For large scale use of this product: use non-sparking ventilation systems, approved explosion-proof equipment and intrinsically safe electrical systems in areas where this product is used and stored. Exhaust directly to the outside, taking any necessary precautions for environmental protection.

5. What Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is needed when working with acetone?

Eye/Face Protection: Wear chemical safety goggles and face shield when contact is possible.

Skin Protection: Avoid repeated or prolonged skin contact. Wear chemical protective clothing e.g. gloves, aprons, boots. Suitable materials include: butyl rubber, Barrier® (PE/PA/PE), Silver Shield/4H (PE/EVAL/PE), Trellchem HPS, Trellchem VPS, Tychem BR/LV, Tychem Responder.

Respiratory Protection: Up to 2,500 ppm: wear a NIOSH approved air-purifying respirator with an organic vapour cartridge, or, wear a NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator.

After these introductions, I hope that you have got deeper understanding of Acetone.

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