Making Sodium acetate by acetic acid

1．What is acetic acid?

Acetic acid (AceticAcid), name of acetic acid, molecular formula is CH3COOH, abbreviated HAc, molecular weight 60.04. Acetic acid is a carboxylic acid in addition to formic acid and construct the simplest acid, an organic acid is also the most widely used.

Originally found in edible vinegar contains acetic acid, composition of about 3 ~ 6%, acetic acid that is the name of the resulting. 

Acetic acid is a colorless liquid, melting point 16.7 ℃, boiling point is 188 ℃, at 0 ℃ the density is 1086kg/m3. When pure acetic acid into ice below the melting point, it can product a crystallization hygroscopic colorless body, also known as glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid is excitant strong acidity, corrosive, with pain and burn the skin, close to boiling temperature, there is a blue flame weak brilliant and combustion, product carbon dioxide and water vapor. Acetic acid is a weak acid, and alkali neutralization function, generating acetate. For example, acetic acid and caustic soda or soda neutralization function to generate sodium acetate. Acetic acid and alcohol can also play the esterification, generate a variety of esters. Acetic acid and aqueous acetic acid mixed easily, the oxidant is very stable, will not be at room temperature is a strong oxidizing agent (such as potassium and sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate oxidation mixture etc.).

2. What is Sodium acetate？

Sodium acetate, also known as sodium acetate anhydrous, molecular formula is CH3COONa, abbreviated NaAc, molecular weight 82. The CAS NO is 127-09-3. Containing three water of crystallization of sodium acetate molecules CH3COONa, 3H2O, NaAc, 3H2O, molecular weight 136.108, crystalline, colorless and tasteless, non-toxic, hygroscopicity, exposure to moisture in the air easily deliquescence, dry

It is easy weathering in the air, after weathering there is a white powder which is flammable. Sodium acetate trihydrate is easily soluble in water and ether, slightly soluble in ethanol. Water solution of Sodium acetate is a weakly alkaline. Sodium acetate trihydrate density is 1450kg/m3, melting point 58 ℃, spontaneous combustion point 607.2 ℃, 123 ℃ when taking off the 3 molecules of water. Sodium acetate anhydrous density is 1528kg/m3, melting point is 324 ℃. Sodium acetate is mainly used for printing and dyeing industry, meat preservation, pharmaceutical, electroplating, leather tanning, photographic, chemical reagents and organic synthesis, has certain market potential.

3. Using acetic acid wastewater research and trial production of sodium acetate

3.1 Usually preparation method of sodium acetate

In the laboratory, usually with 15 ~ 40 of the dilute acetic acid, neutralization to add right amount or caustic soda solution, and then steamed after the reaction of sodium acetate concentration, crystallization and reaction type, as follows: Na2CO3 + 2CH3COOH, 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 ↑, NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONaH2O . In industrial production, the general is the use of the principle of producing sodium acetate.

3.2 Research experimental preparation of sodium acetate using acetic acid wastewater

Combined with the situation of raw material sources easily, choose the following items as the main raw material experiment: acetic acid wastewater (acetic acid content is about 30%, one of the three wastes), caustic soda (flake, industrial level, the company's products). The reason is because the selection of flake caustic soda into a little water, it can increase the concentration of sodium acetate in the reaction solution, greatly reduce the steam consumption of the subsequent evaporation. The main reactions in the experiment are:

The CH3COOHNaOH → CH3COONaH2O

In the study we found that, in addition to the main reaction of acetic acid and caustic soda has generated sodium acetate, also produced irritant gas is different from acetic acid smell in the reaction conditions of elevated temperature, and also generates a resinous substance, after further research and analysis, mainly due to the wastewater and acetaldehyde, acetic acid complex grease and other substances, so in addition to the main reaction, also occurred in the following reaction:

The H2COOHNaOH → H2COONaH2O

The 2CH3CHO → CH3CHOHCH2CHO (β- hydroxy aldehyde)

The CH3CHOHCH2CHO → CH3CH=CHCHO (α, β - Ding Xiquan) H2O

Because of the introduction of caustic soda, with alpha hydrogen atom aldehyde via aldol condensation formation of β - hydroxy aldehyde, β - hydroxy aldehyde dehydration to α, β - Ding Xiquan, acetaldehyde can also with α, β - Ding Xiquan continued the aldol condensation, dehydration, the last generation of resinous substances of high molecular weight. Resinous substance the reaction have a certain influence on the appearance of the product, should be removed by filtration method.

Complex grease acetic acid wastewater in the presence of caustic soda and the side reaction: RCOOR'NaOH → RCOONaR'OH type R, R'is alkyl.

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Some questions and answers about Acetone (part one)

1. What are the most important things to know about acetone in an emergency?

Emergency Overview: Clear colourless volatile liquid. Sweet odour. HIGHLY FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. Distant ignition and flashback are possible. May cause drowsiness and dizziness. IRRITANT. Causes moderate or severe eye irritation.

Main Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, Skin contact, Eye contact:

Inhalation: Can irritate the nose and throat. At high concentrations: can harm the nervous system. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion. A severe exposure can cause unconsciousness.

Skin Contact: May cause mild irritation. Can be absorbed through the skin, but harmful effects are not expected.

Eye Contact: EYE IRRITANT. Causes moderate to severe irritation. Symptoms include sore, red eyes, and tearing. The vapour also irritates the eyes.

Ingestion: Not harmful. If large amounts are ingested: Can cause effects as described for inhalation.

Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure: Can cause dry, red, cracked skin (dermatitis) following skin contact. May harm the nervous system. Conclusions cannot be drawn from the limited studies available.

Carcinogenicity: Not known to cause cancer.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Not specifically evaluated.

American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): A4 - Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Teratogenicity / Embryotoxicity: Not known to harm the unborn child.

Reproductive Toxicity: Not known to be a reproductive hazard.

Mutagenicity: Not known to be a mutagen.

2. What are first aid measures for acetone?

Inhalation: Take precautions to prevent a fire (e.g. remove sources of ignition). Move victim to fresh air. Call a Poison Centre or doctor if the victim feels unwell.

Skin Contact: Take off contaminated clothing, shoes and leather goods (e.g. watchbands, belts). Flush with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 5 minutes. If irritation or pain persists, see a doctor. Thoroughly clean clothing, shoes and leather goods before reuse or dispose of safely.

Eye Contact: Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 15-20 minutes, while holding the eyelid(s) open. If a contact lens is present, DO NOT delay flushing or attempt to remove the lens. Take care not to rinse contaminated water into the unaffected eye or onto the face. If irritation or pain persists, see a doctor.

Ingestion: Have victim rinse mouth with water. Call a Poison Centre or doctor if the victim feels unwell.

First Aid Comments: All first aid procedures should be periodically reviewed by a doctor familiar with the chemical and its conditions of use in the workplace.

What handling and storage practices should be used when working with acetone?

3. What handling and storage practices should be used when working with acetone?

Handling: Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static discharge. Post "No Smoking" signs. Electrically bond and ground equipment. Ground clips must contact bare metal. Do not weld, cut or perform hot work on empty container until all traces of product have been removed.

Storage: Store in an area that is: cool, well-ventilated, out of direct sunlight and away from heat and ignition sources. Electrically bond and ground containers. Ground clips must contact bare metal. Install pressure and vacuum-relief venting in all drums. Equip storage tank vents with a flame arrestor.

In this article, I just give you three questions and answers about Acetone, I hope it is helpful for you. In the next passage, I will show you the others.

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Using Orthoboric acid

Orthoboric acid is one of the oldest inorganic compounds known to mankind in treating pests. Mined from the Mojave Desert in California it is nature's proven long-term treatment in eliminating Cockroaches, Palmetto bugs, Water bugs, Ants, Silverfish, Carpenter Ants, and Termites. Its CAS NO is 10043-35-3.

1. Properties of Orthoboric acid

Orthoboric acid is the "secret ingredient" in so many commercial treatments for insect control. This simple inexpensive, household chemical is deadly to all insects. It has been shown to attack their nervous systems, as well as being a drying agent to their bodies. Orthoboric acid is a wonderful tool for controlling cockroaches in homes, restaurants and other buildings. It is effective in extremely small amounts and retains its potency almost indefinitely provided the deposit remains dry. Unlike many insecticides, Orthoboric acid has no repellency to insects and, consequently, roaches return to treated areas repeatedly until they die. Orthoboric acid (100%) powder is odorless and non staining. Orthoboric acid is deadly to cockroaches, but is low in toxicity to people, pets and other non target animals. It is also odorless and contains no volatile solvents.

2. Advantages of Orthoboric acid

Simply apply directly on carpets where pets frequently traffic or sleep at the rate of 1.5 pounds per 150 square feet. Work powder deep into fibers and mat. Any powder visible after application must be brushed into carpet fibers or vacuumed. Allow powder to remain for a period of three weeks to achieve maximum flea control in carpets.

Sprinkle around baseboards, under and behind refrigerator, stove, sink, dishwasher, washing machine and dryer. Also, sprinkle into openings around drain pipes and electrical conduits, and in cracks and crevices along baseboards and corners of cabinets, cupboards and closets. Insects walk through the dust, ingest it, and die within hours.

3. Use Orthoboric acid fighting Cockroaches

People have been fighting cockroaches with Orthoboric acid for nearly a century. Cockroaches succumb to Orthoboric acid when they crawl over treated areas. The tiny particles of powder adhere to the cockroaches' body, and the material is ingested as the roach preens the powder from its legs and antennae. Some Orthoboric acid is also absorbed through the greasy outer covering of the insect's body. All species of cockroaches are susceptible to Orthoboric acid provided the powder is applied into areas where the roaches are living. This homemade treatment has worked very well on both carpenter ants and pharaoh ants.

4. Using Orthoboric acid as a Pro

The key to success with Orthoboric acid is proper application. Plastic, squeeze-type bottles with narrow applicator tips are the easiest to use. (These containers are similar in appearance to the squeezable mustard and ketchup bottles found in restaurants). For best results, the powder should be applied in a very thin layer barely visible to the naked eye. Piles or heavy accumulations will be avoided by foraging cockroaches much as we would avoid walking through a snow drift. To apply a fine layer, shake the container and puff a small quantity of the powder into the target area. Use a container which is no more than two-thirds full, an airspace is created at the top which allows the dust to be puffed more easily (A few pennies or pebbles placed inside the container helps prevent the powder from caking). The trick is to give the container a shake, then puff a very light dusting of the powder into the area you wish to treat.

5. Avoid applications

Avoid applying a heavy layer, and never apply the material with a spoon. Where the powder is applied is just as important as how it's applied. Cockroaches prefer to live in cracks, crevices and secluded areas close to food, moisture and warmth. Kitchens and bathrooms are the most common areas to find cockroaches, although any area of a home may become infested if the infestation is severe, or if species other than the German cockroach are involved. Key areas for treatment include under/behind the refrigerator, stove and dishwasher, into the opening where plumbing pipes enter walls (such as under sinks and behind the commode, shower and washing machine), and into cracks along edges and corners inside cabinets and pantries.

Oftentimes, there is a void (hollow space) under kitchen and bathroom cabinet which becomes a hiding place for cockroaches. This area can be accessed and treated by injecting powder through any existing gap at the top of the kickplate, or if none is present, by drilling a few small holes.

Never apply Orthoboric acid onto countertops or other exposed surfaces, especially those used to prepare food. Any visible residues should be wiped off with a damp cloth. Used correctly, Orthoboric acid will produce results comparable to a professional exterminator.

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How to make Sodium carbonate by yourself

Sodium carbonate, the common names are soda, soda ash and washing soda. Life often also referred to as "base." The chemical formula is Na2CO3, under ordinary circumstances as a white powder, it is a strong electrolyte. Density of Sodium carbonate is 2.532g/cm ³, melting point is 851 ° C, and the CAS NO is 497-19-8. It is soluble in water, with salt continuity.

Sodium carbonate, a type of soap, is simple salt made up of carbonic acid and sodium. It's more commonly known as washing soda or soda ash, and you can often purchase it at a hardware store. Although it's affordable, there may be times when you prefer to make your own soap.

Now, I will introduce you 5 steps to make Sodium carbonate in your own home. Firstly, I will show you what you have got before making Sodium carbonate by yourself. The materials are very common in our daily life. You should just need about 1 liter of water, a jar, some sodium hydroxide and baking soda.

After you have got these things you can start to make Sodium carbonate, but during the process of making Sodium carbonate yourself, there are also some cautions you have to watch out, I will minder you in these following steps. Here are the steps:

1. First step is so simple, you should just place 1 liter (about 1 quart) of water into the jar.

2. Then, slowly add 40 grams of sodium hydroxide to the water. The sodium hydroxide will dissolve in the water. With the dissolving, the water’s temperature will heat up. The first caution is be careful for the heating, while what the most serious caution is that sodium hydroxide is caustic and can cause chemical burns to the skin, especially when mixed with water.

3. Once the sodium hydroxide dissolves, it’s time to use baking soda. You should slowly add 84 grams of baking soda in the aqueous. Now there is a strange phenomenon appearing: baking soda makes the water cloudly; the baking soda slowly dissolves in the aqueous sodium hydroxide.

4. Once everything dissolves, heat the solution until it's lightly boiling. Here be careful, you should do this outside, preferably on a fish boiler or similar heat source. Then boil off all the water.

5. The last step is collecting the solid residue, which is sodium carbonate soap in the jar.

The simple 5 steps can let you make Sodium carbonate, but obviously it just a joy when you are bored, you can not hope to use this method to make Sodium carbonate for your family using, you also need buy Sodium carbonate in the shop or in our guidechem.com.

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

Some matters need attention about Trimethoprim

Trimethoprim (INN) is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections.

It belongs to the class of chemotherapeutic agents known as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Trimethoprim was formerly marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under trade names including Proloprim, Monotrim and Triprim; but these trade names have been licensed to various generic pharmaceutical manufacturers. In clinical use it is often abbreviated TRI or TMP; its common laboratory abbreviation is W, and CAS NO is 738-70-5.

Although Trimethoprim has many uses, but what the most frequently use is Treating infections caused by certain bacteria. Trimethoprim is an antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria.

Trimethoprim also has some side affects, not every people can use this medicine. If you or someone you know who has follow conditions, please don’t use Trimethoprim.

1. If you are allergic to any ingredient in trimethoprim or to similar medicines, please don’t use it.

2. If you are taking dofetilide, please stop use trimethoprim, because if they were together, something you never hoped would be happen.

3. If you have anemia caused by low levels of folate in the blood, you can not use it by yourself .Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you, please.

Besides these suggestions, you also should these following things, before using trimethoprim.

1. Because some medical conditions may interact with trimethoprim, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:

(1) If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding.

(2) If you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement.

(3) If you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances.

(4) If you have liver or kidney problems or blood problems (eg, anemia, porphyria).

(5) If you have or are at risk for low levels of folate in the blood (eg, you have alcoholism, are elderly, you do not absorb nutrients from food properly, you are in a poor nutritional state, you are taking medicine for seizures).

2. Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with trimethoprim. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:

(1) Dofetilide because of the risk of severe heart problems may be increased by trimethoprim.

(2 )Methotrexate, phenytoin, or sulfones (eg, dapsone) because of their actions and the risk of their side effects may be increased by trimethoprim.

(3) Cyclosporine because of its effectiveness may be decreased and the risk of liver side effects may be increased by trimethoprim.

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if trimethoprim may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.

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What is Povidone?

Povidone is completely soluble in cold and mild-warm water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and glycerol. Its stability in solution is much greater than that of tincture of iodine or Lugol's solution. Its CAS NO is 9003-39-8.

It was discovered at the Industrial Toxicology Laboratories in Philadelphia by H. A. Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski. They carried out tests in vitro to demonstrate anti-bacterial activity, and found that the complex was less toxic than tincture of iodine in mice. Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior to other iodine formulations. It was first sold in 1955, and has since become the universally preferred iodine antiseptic.

Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povidone complex in solution, it kills eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells through iodination of lipids and oxidation of cytoplasmic and membrane compounds. This agent exhibits a broad range of microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Slow release of iodine from the PVPI complex in solution minimizes iodine toxicity towards mammalian cells.

Povidone is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and prevention of infection in wounds. It may be used in first aid for minor cuts, grazes, burns, abrasions and blisters.

Following the discovery of iodine by Bernard Courtois in 1811, it has been broadly used for the prevention and treatment of skin infections, and the treatment of wounds. Iodine has been recognized as an effective broad-spectrum bactericide, and it is also effective against yeasts, molds, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. Drawbacks to its use in the form of aqueous solutions include irritation at the site of application, toxicity and the staining of surrounding tissues. These deficiencies were overcome by the discovery and use of POVIDONE, in which the iodine is carried in a complexed form and the concentration of free iodine is very low.

The product thus serves as an iodophor. In addition, it has been demonstrated that bacteria do not develop resistance to Povidone, and the sensitization rate to the product is only 0.7% Consequently, Povidone has found broad application in medicine as a surgical scrub; for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing; for the treatment and prevention of infections in wounds, ulcers, cuts and burns; for the treatment of infections in decubitus ulcers and stasis ulcers; in gynecology for vaginitis associated with candidal, trichomonal or mixed infections.

For these purposes Povidone has been formulated at concentrations of 7.5–10.0% in solution, spray, surgical scrub, ointment, and swab dosage forms. It is available without a prescription under the generic name povidone-iodine or the brand name Polydine and Betadine.

It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.

2.5 percent of buffered Povidone solution can be used for prophylaxis of neonatal conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia neonatorum) which can lead to blindness, especially if it is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Chlamydia trachomatis. Povidone appears to be very suitable for this purpose because unlike other substances it is efficient also against fungi and viruses (including HIV and Herpes simplex).

Povidone can be loaded into hydrogels (based on carboxymethyl cellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol) and gelatin, or on crosslinked polyacrylamide). These hydrogels can be used for wound dressing. The rate of release of the iodine in the POVIDONE is heavily dependent on the hydrogel composition. The release rate increases with more CMC/PVA and decreases with more gelatin.

Povidone can also be used to reduce skin damage from mustard gas, although it must be applied immediately post-exposure to have any effect, and mustard gas exposure is usually not noticed until the onset of skin irritation, by which point POVIDONE administration is useless.

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

How to use Benzyl benzoate safety!!

Benzyl benzoate is the ester of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid, with the formula C6H5CH2O2CC6H5. Its CAS NO is 120-51-4. This easily prepared compound with a mild balsamic odor has a variety of uses. But you should read this article carefully, before you use it. Now, here are the suggestions.

1. Use Benzyl benzoate only as directed. Do not use more of it and do not use it more often than recommended on the label. To do so may increase the chance of absorption through the skin and the chance of side effects.

2. Keep Benzyl benzoate away from the eyes and other mucous membranes, such as the inside of the nose, because it may cause irritation . If you accidentally get some in your eyes, flush them thoroughly with water at once.

3. Do not use benzyl benzoate on open wounds, such as cuts or sores on the skin or scalp. To do so may increase the amount of absorption, which may increase the chance of side effects.

4. Your sexual partner or partners, especially, and all members of your household may need to be treated also, since the infestation may spread to persons in close contact. If these persons have not been examined for infestation or if you have any questions about this, check with your doctor.

5. To use Benzyl benzoate for lice:

If your hair has any cream, lotion, ointment, or oil-based product on it, shampoo, rinse, and dry your hair and scalp well before applying benzyl benzoate. Apply enough medicine to thoroughly wet the dry hair and scalp or skin. Allow the medicine to remain on the affected areas for 24 hours.

Then, thoroughly wash the affected areas with warm water and soap or regular shampoo. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a clean towel.

After rinsing and drying, use a fine-toothed comb (less than 0.3 mm between the teeth) to remove any remaining nits (eggs) or nit shells from your hair, or, if you have fine hair, you may use a tweezer or your fingernails to pick nits out.

6. To use Benzyl benzoate for scabies:

If your skin has any cream, lotion, ointment, or oil on it, wash, rinse, and dry your skin well before applying benzyl benzoate. If you take a bath or shower before using benzyl benzoate, dry the skin well before applying the medicine. Apply enough medicine to cover the entire skin surface from the neck down, including the soles of your feet, and rub in well.

Allow Benzyl benzoate to remain on the body for 24 hours. Then, thoroughly wash the body with warm water and soap. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a clean towel. Immediately after using benzyl benzoate, wash your hands to remove any medicine that may be on them. Treatment may need to be repeated for severe infestation.

Now, you have got the suggestions, I hope it is helpful for you !!!!

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

What is L-Phenylalanine?

L-Phenylalanine (abbreviation Phe or F) is an a-amino acid that is structurally related to epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine and tyrosine. The cas no is 63-91-2. L-Phenylalanine is found naturally in the breast milk of mammals. L-Phenylalanine is found in many high protein foods such as fish, yogurt, eggs, cheese, milk and soy products. It is necessary for growth in children, as well as for protein metabolism in children and adults.

L-Phenylalanine are two of the 20 common amino acids that make up the proteins in the food you eat and in your body. You need both these amino acids -- phenylalanine you must get from food, while the body can make tyrosine -- to provide you with energy, make other proteins and make certain small molecules.

L-Phenylalanine are so important for our body heath, and we benefit a lot from it . Here, we can talk about how L-Phenylalanine effect our life.

Benefits of L-Phenylalanine include the normal functioning of the central nervous system. It is beneficial for chronic depression as well as chronic pain, and may help many people feel happier and more alert. It is also beneficial when used to suppress hunger and is found in many weight loss supplements. L-Phenylalanine is also important in the production of melatonin, which may help people who suffer from vitiligo.

L-Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is proven to increase energy expenditure by boosting adrenaline and noradrenalin. It is especially effective when combined with green tea and other natural ingredients in weight loss supplements.

Because of its effectiveness as an appetite suppressant and its ability to increase metabolism, L-Phenylalanine is an ingredient in many natural weight loss supplements.

The additions of a L-Phenylalanine supplement to the diet is recommended for anyone desiring to lose weight. Since it is found to be extremely effective in the normal functioning of the central nervous system, it is beneficial to anyone who doesn't get enough of the amino acid in their diet.

Natural herbal extract burns fat faster and more effectively than many other products. You can be burning a tremendous amount of fat, while preserving your muscle tissue

Now, you have known that we can get so much benefits from L-Phenylalanine, you may have a question that where can I buy L-Phenylalanine? I’m not a supplier ,but  I can also give you some suggestions . Actually you can buy Phenylalanine at most natural health food and nutrition stores. If you shop online, you can find it on many natural health and weight loss websites. Here at guidechem.com we carry only the highest quality L-Phenylalanine products.

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

Acetylsalicylic acid’s significant role in medical community

Acetylsalicylic Acid, also known by trade name Aspirin, is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with melting point 137°C. Its CAS NO is 50-78-2.

Today, aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes of it being consumed each year. In countries where Aspirin is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).

Acetylsalicylic acid is useful in the relief of headache and muscle and joint aches. Aspirin is also effective in reducing fever, inflammation, and swelling and thus has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and mild infection. Large doses cause acid-base imbalance and respiratory disturbances and can be fatal, especially in children. Acetaminophen (known by trade name Tylenol), which does not cause gastric irritation but does lower fever and relieve pain, is often substituted for Aspirin.

This drug is used today to lower fevers and reduce inflammation, especially those caused by rhumatic fever and arthritis.

Acetylsalicylic acid will thin the blood and therefore it will, in small doses prevent heart attack, stroke & unstable angina. Because of its ability to thin the blood Acetylsalicylic Acid will inhibit the formation of blood clots.

It`s most common use is to relieve headaches as well as muscle & joint pain. Acetylsalicylic Acid interferes with the bodys synthesis of specific POSTAGLANDINS. These compounds are produced by almost every tissue in the body and control the substances involved in the transmission of nerve impulses which participate in the body`s defences against infection. Postaglandins have been shown to bring on fever and play a major role in inflammation.

Acetylsalicylic acid also has an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the production of thromboxane, which under normal circumstances binds platelet molecules together to create a patch over damaged walls of blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too large and also block blood flow, locally and downstream, aspirin is also used long-term, at low doses, to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot formation in people at high risk of developing blood clots. It has also been established that low doses of aspirin may be given immediately after a heart attack to reduce the risk of another heart attack or of the death of cardiac tissue. Aspirin may be effective at preventing certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.

The main undesirable side effects of aspirin taken by mouth are gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach bleeding, and tinnitus, especially in higher doses. In children and adolescents, aspirin is no longer indicated to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of chickenpox or other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reye's syndrome.

Acetylsalicylic acid is part of a group of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but differs from most other NSAIDs in the mechanism of action. Though it, and others in its group called the salicylates, have similar effects (antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic) to the other NSAIDs and inhibit the same enzyme cyclooxygenase, aspirin (but not the other salicylates) does so in an irreversible manner and, unlike others, affects more the COX-1 variant than the COX-2 variant of the enzyme.

At present other uses of this drug are under investigation such as there usefulness in prevention of certain cancers and dangerously high blood pressure which sometimes can occur in pregnancy. It`s effectiveness in the relief of migranes is currently being looked into.

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What is Sodium acetate used for?

Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, also sodium ethanoate, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. Its  CAS NO is 127-09-3.This colourless salt has a wide range of uses.

Sodium acetate is a common chemical that has a wide variety of uses in several industries, including medical, food, textile, health and beauty,. It is the derivative of sodium from acetic acid.

1. Medical Use

Sodium acetate can serve as a form of sodium for intravenous use, when doctors need to prevent or manage hyponatremia, the condition of having low sodium in the blood. It is also used in certain combinations for use with renal dialysis.

2. Food Preparation Use

Sodium acetate can give salt and vinegar chips their flavor, while also acting as a preservative. The food industry also uses it to improve the flavor of meat and poultry. During food processing, sodium acetate also helps regulate some of the pH levels in certain food products. It has even been said to reduce the risk of hangover when added to alcoholic products.

3. Cosmetic Use

In the health and beauty industry, sodium acetate is used to make soap and a variety of cosmetic products. This is due to its good buffering and neutralizing components.

4. It's in the Water

More recently, sodium acetate is being used for water treatment, as opposed to the less environmentally-friendly methanol. Sodium acetate is used to reduce the damage water can potentially do to concrete by acting as a concrete sealant, while also being environmentally benign and cheaper than the epoxy alternative that is usually employed for sealing concrete against water permeation.

5. Textile Use

The textile industry has a lot of use for sodium acetate as it is able to remove calcium salts, which then lengthens the life of the finished fabric. Sodium acetate is also used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams, and as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. It is also a pickling agent in chrome tanning, and it helps to retard vulcanization of chloroprene in synthetic rubber production. In processing cotton for disposable cotton pads, sodium acetate is used to eliminate the buildup of static electricity.

6. Buffer solution

As the conjugate base of acetic acid, a solution of sodium acetate and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH. This is useful especially in biochemical applications where reactions are pH dependent in a mildly acidic range (pH 4-6).

7. Heating pad

Sodium acetate is also used in consumer heating pads or hand warmers and is also used in hot ice. Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at 58.4°C, (to 58°C ) dissolving in their water of crystallization. When they are heated past the melting point and subsequently allowed to cool, the aqueous solution becomes supersaturated. This solution is capable of cooling to room temperature without forming crystals. By clicking on a metal disc in the heating pad, a nucleation centre is formed which causes the solution to crystallize into solid sodium acetate trihydrate again. The bond-forming process of crystallization is exothermic. The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg. Unlike some other types of heat packs that depend on irreversible chemical reactions, sodium acetate heat packs can be easily recharged by placing in boiling water for a few minutes until all crystals are dissolved; they can be reused many times.

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Danger! The Oxalic acid dihydrate.

Oxalic acid is an organic compound with the formula H2C2O4. It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to give colorless solutions. It is classified as a dicarboxylic acid. In terms of acid strength, it is much stronger than acetic acid. Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate (C2O42−), is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically, oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula H2C2O4·2H2O, and thc CAS NO of Oxalic acid dihydrate is6153-56-6 . Oral consumption of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact is dangerous.

Here are the dangers and the simple treatments about Oxalic acid dihydrate.

1. The potential health for Eye:

Causes eye burns. May result in corneal injury. Causes redness and pain. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for a t least 15 minutes. Get medical aid immediately.

2. The potential health for Skin:

Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Causes severe skin irritation and possible burns. Rare chemical burns may occur from oxalic acid and may cause hypocalcemia. Gangrene has occurred in the hands of people working with oxalic acid solutions without rubber gloves. The skin lesions are characterized by cracking of the skin and the development of slow-healing ulcers. The skin may be bluish in color, and the nails brittle and yellow.

In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.

3.The potential health for Ingestion: 

Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. Oxalic acid is toxic because of its acidic and chelating properties. It is especially toxic when ingested. As little as 5 grams (71 mg/kg) may be fatal. Ulcerations of the mouth, vomiting of blood, and rapid appearance of shock, convulsions, twitching, tetany, and cardiovascular collapse may occur following ingestion of oxalic acid or its soluble salts. Oxalic acid can bind calcium to form calcium oxalate which is insoluble at physiological pH. Calcium oxalate thus formed might precipitate in the kidney tubules and the brain. Hypocalcemia secondary to calcium oxalate formation might disturb the function of the heart and nerves.

If swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting. Get medical aid immediately. If victim is fully conscious, give a cupful of water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

4. The potential health for Inhalation:

Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Inhalation of oxalic acid dust or vapor produces irritation of the respiratory tract, protein in the urine, nosebleed, ulceration of the mucous membranes, headache, nervousness, cough, vomiting, emaciation, back pain (due to kidney injury), and weakness. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.

5. The potential health for Chronic:

Inhalation of oxalic acid dust or mist over a long period of time might result in weight loss and respiratory tract inflammation. Rats administered oxalic acid at 2.5 and 5% in the diet for 70 days developed depressed thyroid function and weight loss. A study of railroad car cleaners in Norway who were heavily exposed to oxalic acid solutions and vapors revealed a 53% prevalence of urolithiasis (the formation of urinary stones), compared to a rate of 12% among unexposed workers from the same company.

These are just simple home treatment, if somebody contacts with the Oxalic acid dihydrate, you should take him to hospital as soon as possible.

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Something about Simvastatin

Simvastatin is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Simvastatin is a synthetic derivative of a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus. The drug is marketed generically following patent expiry, and under the trade name Zocor.The cas no is 79902-63-9.

The primary uses of simvastatin are for the treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It is recommended to be used only after other measures such as diet, exercise, and weight reduction have not improved cholesterol levels sufficiently. As an important medicine, Simvastatin may have some adverse effects for our body.Here are these adverse effects.

Common side effects (>1% incidence) may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, and a general feeling of weakness. Rare side effects include joint pain, memory loss, and muscle cramps. Cholestatic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, rhabdomyolysis (destruction of muscles and blockade of renal system) and myositis have been reported in patients receiving the drug chronically. Serious allergic reactions to simvastatin are rare. If the following signs of a serious allergic reaction occur seek medical attention immediately: rash, hoarsness itching/swelling, dizziness, difficulty swallowing/breathing.

A type of DNA variant known as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) may help predict individuals prone to developing myopathy when taking simvastatin; a study ultimately including 32,000 patients concluded the carriers of one or two risk alleles of particular SNPs were at a five-fold or 16-fold increased risk, respectively.

On June 8, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced new safety recommendations for high-dose simvastatin (80 mg) due to muscle injury risk.

In March 2012, the FDA updated its guidance for statin users to address reports of memory loss, liver damage, increased blood sugar, development of type 2 diabetes, and muscle injury. The new guidance indicates: 

1.FDA has found that liver injury associated with statin use is rare but can occur.
2.The reports about memory loss, forgetfulness and confusion span all statin products and all age groups. Egan says these experiences are rare but that those affected often report feeling “fuzzy” or unfocused in their thinking.
3.A small increased risk of raised blood sugar levels and the development of type 2 diabetes have been reported with the use of statins.
4.Some drugs interact with statins in a way that increases the risk of muscle injury called myopathy, characterized by unexplained muscle weakness or pain.

This advice has caused some controversy, and claims have been made that it is too conservative in its guidance regarding diabetes. In March 2012, Eric J. Topol, the Chief Academic Officer for Scripps Health and Director, Scripps Translational Science Institute, published an op-ed piece in the New York Times entitled 'The Diabetes Dilemma for Statin Users' claiming the trial data had been misunderstood and the risk of diabetes amongst users of simvistatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin was much higher.

Since its introduction, the price of lipid-lowering drugs and their benefits in atherosclerosis has been much debated. Although this has affected the other statins, simvastatin was the first statin drug to be used extensively in clinical practice. A number of large epidemiological studies were conducted to discover which patients would benefit most from statin drugs; most studies involve simvastatin as the study drug. The most influential studies were the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Heart protection study.

It has been suggested that patients with one or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease (such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a positive family history) can benefit from statins, even if they do not have substantially elevated cholesterol levels.This is the hypothetical concept of "total risk", by combining particular risk factors. Simvastatin was introduced in the late 1980s, and since 2006 in many countries, it is available as a generic preparation. This has led to a decrease of the price of most statin drugs, and a reappraisal of the health economics of preventive statin treatment. In the UK in 2008, the typical per patient cost to the NHS of simvastatin was about ￡1.50 per month.

We just talking about these things about Simvastatin, last time I will give more information about Simvastatin.


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Acycloguanosine，a kind of drug

Acycloguanosine is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug, marketed under trade names such as Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, Zoral, and Xovir. One of the most commonly used antiviral drugs, it is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, as well as in the treatment of varicella zoster (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).

Acycloguanosine was seen as the start of a new era in antiviral therapy, as it is extremely selective and low in cytotoxicity. Nucleosides isolated from a Caribbean sponge, Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of Acycloguanosine. It was discovered by Howard Schaffer following his work with Robert Vince, S. Bittner and S. Gurwara on the adenosine analog acycloadenosine which showed promising antiviral activity. Later, Schaffer joined Burroughs Wellcome and continued the development of Acycloguanosine with pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion. Vince later went on to invent abacavir, an nRTI drug for HIV patients. Elion was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine, partly for the development of Acycloguanosine . Dr. Richard Whitley, a University of Alabama at Birmingham researcher and pioneer in antiviral therapy, was the first to successfully use the drug in humans.

Acycloguanosinediffers from previous nucleoside analogues in containing only a partial nucleoside structure: the sugar ring is replaced with an open-chain structure. It is selectively converted into acyclo-guanosine monophosphate (acyclo-GMP) by viral thymidine kinase, which is far more effective (3000 times) in phosphorylation than cellular thymidine kinase.

Subsequently, the monophosphate form is further phosphorylated into the active triphosphate form, acyclo-guanosine triphosphate (acyclo-GTP), by cellular kinases. Acyclo-GTP has approximately 100 times greater affinity for viral than cellular polymerase. As a substrate, acyclo-GTP is incorporated into viral DNA, resulting in premature chain termination. Although Acycloguanosine

resembles a nucleotide, it has no 3' end. Therefore, after its incorporation into a growing DNA strand, no further nucleotides can be added to this strand. It has also been shown that viral enzymes cannot remove acyclo-GTP from the chain, which results in inhibition of further activity of DNA polymerase. Acyclo-GTP is fairly rapidly metabolised within the cell, possibly by cellular phosphatases.

In sum, Acycloguanosine can be considered a prodrug: it is administered in an inactive (or less active) form and is metabolised into a more active species after administration.

Acycloguanosine is active against most species in the herpesvirus family. In descending order of activity:

•     Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1)

•     Herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2)

•     Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

•     Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

•     Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – least activity

Activity is predominantly against HSV, and to a lesser extent VZV. It is only of limited efficacy against EBV and CMV. It is inactive against latent viruses in nerve ganglia.

Resistance to Acycloguanosine is rare, but is more common in patients on chronic antiviral prophylaxis (transplant recipients, people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome due to HIV infection). Mechanisms of resistance in HSV include deficient viral thymidine kinase; and mutations to viral thymidine kinase and/or DNA polymerase, altering substrate sensitivity. Acycloguanosine has also shown cross-resistance with valAcycloguanosine and famciclovir.

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General applications of Perchlorethylene

Perchlorethylene has no flash point and no fire point, which gives it an important advantage over petroleum distillates such as Stoddard solvent for dry cleaning operations. As a result, along with its desirable physical properties, Perchlorethylene has become the largest-volume dry cleaning solvent.

Perchlorethylene is relatively inert, and is inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents. PPG’s perchlorethylene is further stabilized to prevent solvent degradation or decomposition, and corrosion of metal parts and equipment in vapor degreasing. PPG stabilizers are designed to be recoverable along with the perchlorethylene after repeated cleaning cycles, including recovery from carbon adsorbers.

In addition to its wide use as a drycleaning solvent, PPG’s perchlorethylene is used extensively forvapor degreasing because of its high solvency, non-flammability and high vapor density.

1. Drycleaning solvent

Perchlorethylene is the preferred solvent because, in addition to its non-flammability, it provides a fast, powerful yet gentle cleaning action with a minimum of mechanical agitation. The result is less fabric wear. PPG’s perchlorethylene cleans all natural and synthetic fibers.

Cleaning cycle and drying times are fast with perchlorethylene, and because of its high solvency fewer stains are left forthe spotter. Because the solvent is recoverable, it has a long service life.

PPG’s perchlorethylene works with any drycleaning detergent, so that the dry cleaner can add detergent or soap and make his own charged system as needed.

2．Vapor Degreasing

Many industries, including aerospace, appliance and automotive, use perchlorethylene for vapor degreasing of metal parts. Although trichlor has a more general usage for vapor degreasing, perchlorethylene is preferred in some situations because of its higher boiling point (above that of water). Many soils such as waxes and resins must be melted in orderforthem to be solubilized.

The high boiling point(250°F/121°C) of perchlorethylene enables it to condense more vapor on the metal to be cleaned than other chlorinated solvents, thus washing the parts with a greater volume of solvent. Perchlorethylene cleans longer and removes higher-melting-point pitches and waxes more easily. It is effective with lightweight and light-gage parts that warm up to the temperature of a lower boiling-point solvent and therefore stop condensing liquid on the parts before cleaning is complete.

Perchlorethylene is particularly effective in fine orifices and spot-welded seams. Perchlorethylene forms an azeotrope with waterthat has a boiling point below that of water, while perchlorethylene itself has a higher boiling point than water. As a result, perchlorethylene allows a vapor degreaserto function as a drying device for metal parts and to remove waterfilms from metals without degradation of the solvent.

3. Chemical Processing

Perchlorethylene serves as a carrier solvent forfabric finishes, rubber and silicones; and as an extractive solvent. It is used in paintrem over formulations and in printing inks. It serves as a chemical intermediate. Perchlorethylene also is often used as a component of “safety” solvent blends. When used forth is purpose it is important to determine the flash point of the mixture as it is to be used before using or selling, since an insufficient quantity of perchlorethylene wills notraise the flash point of the mixture.

4. Catalyst Regeneration

Perchlorethylene is used in the petroleum refinery industry as a source of HCl, a promoter, which helps in the regeneration of catalyst in both catalytic reformer and isomerization operations. Product sold into this operation is a purer, less stabilized grade than most grades as the product has to meet UOP specifications to preclude the poisoning of the valuable platinum catalyst.

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