Research on the Biological activity of Piperine

Piperine is the standardized extract made from the fruit of Piper Nigrum (black pepper) or Piper longum L (long pepper) and is manufactured for use as a nutritional ingredient for both human and animal health.

Piperine is involved to increase the absorption of other nutrients in the body and has other novel applications as well - such as helping to fight colon cancer and having an anti-depressant effect while enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain.

Piperine(CAS NO:94-62-2) was discovered in 1819 by Hans Christian Ørsted, who isolated it from the fruits of Piper nigrum, the source plant of both the black and white pepper grains. Piper longum and Piper officinarum, two species called "long pepper" also were found to contain it by Flückiger and Hanbury.West African pepper also contains it.

Piperine(CAS NO:94-62-2) has been found to inhibit human CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, enzymes important for the metabolism and transport of xenobiotics and metabolites.In animal studies, piperine also inhibited other enzymes important in drug metabolism. 

By inhibiting drug metabolism, piperine may increase the bioavailability of various compounds and alter the effectiveness of some medications. Notably, piperine may enhance bioavailability of curcumin by 2000% in humans.The exact mechanism of piperine's bioavailability enhancing abilities is unknown.Chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin and piperine has been shown during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

The pungency of capsaicin and piperine is caused by activation of the heat and acidity sensing TRPV ion channel TRPV1 on nociceptors .

Recently the journal Molecular Nutrition Food Research published evidence that piperine can enhance the pharmacokinetic parameters of resveratrol via inhibiting its glucuronidation, thereby slowing its elimination.

In February 2008, researchers discovered that piperine can stimulate pigmentation in the skin, together with the exposure to UVB light. Piperine has shown 'anti-depression like activity, and cognitive enhancing effects in rats. Piperine has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects in human interleukin-1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models.

Various studies have proven the effectiveness of BioPerine and some showed that absorption levels were increased up to 60%. In one study it was shown that it also has value in helping to maintain a healthy colon and to help protect against colon cancer, while another study showed that it possessed anti-depression like activity and cognitive enhancing properties, while yet another study showed it may contain antibacterial properties as well as anti-allergy properties.

It is interesting to note that Ayurvedic medicine the ancient Indian medical system has been preoccupied for more than 6,000 years with the proper functioning of the digestive tract and especially the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Nearly 60% of all traditional Ayurveda medicine contains some special blend of ingredients, which include black pepper in the blend.

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